Geological Survey, 3 German Method: Advantages and Disadvantages, 159 Excavation, 155 General Description, 155 Hauling, 158 Strutting, 156 Giovi Tunnel Accident, 309 Graveholz Tunnel, 98 Greathead’s Shield, 245 Hand Drills, 23 Harlem River Tunnel, 285 Hauling: American Method, 175 Belgian Method, 150 Italian Method, 185 German Method, 158 Hudson River Tunnel of Pennsylvania Railroad, 278 Motive Power, 61 By Way of Entrances, 59 Simplon Tunnel, 111 By Way of Shafts, 62 Heading and Bench Method: Fort George Tunnel, 135 General Discussion, 130 St. Gothard Tunnel, 1 Headings, 37, 91 Hewett, H. B., 269 History of Tunnels, xiii Hoisting Machines: General Discussion, 62 Elevators, 64 Horse Gins, 63 Windlass, 63 Hoosac Tunnel, 93 Hopkins, Stephen W., 135 Hudson River Tunnel of Pennsylvania Railroad, 269 Hydraulic Jacks, 260, 271 Hydraulic Rams, 271 Illumination: Acetylene Gas, 334 Coal-gas, 333 Electric, 335 Hudson River Tunnel of Pennsylvania Railroad, 280 Lamps and Lanterns, 330 Inclination of Strata, 6 Ingersoll Drilling Machine, 26 Inverted Arch Lining, 77 Iron and Masonry Lining, 74 Iron Lining, 73, 261, 276 Iron Strutting, 55 Full Section, 56 Headings, 56 Shafts, 57 Italian Method: Advantages and Disadvantages, 188 Excavation, 182 General Description, 182 Modifications, 186 Strutting, 183 Jacks, 260, 271 Joining the Caissons, 295 Lagging, 71 Lamps and Lanterns, 330 Lighting (see Illumination). Lining: Austrian Method, 180 Belgian Method, 148 Concrete, 126, 139 English Method, 170 Foundations, 76 General Observations, 78 German Method, 158 Hudson River Tunnel Pennsylvania Railroad, 276 Invert, 77 Iron, 73, 261, 276 Iron and Masonry, 74 Italian Method, 185 Masonry, 74 Quicksand Method, 191 Roof Arch, 77 Side Tunnels, 79, 83 Side Walls, 77 Subways, 207-213 Timber, 72 Thickness of Masonry, 78, 83 Little Tom Tunnel Relined, 321 Loose Soil (see Soft Ground). Masonry (see Centers). Masonry Culverts, 80 Masonry (see Lining). Masonry Lining, 74 Masonry Niches, 81 McBean, Daniel, 285 Mechanical Installations for Tunnel Work, 84 Milwaukee Tunnel, 226 Mont Cenis Tunnel, 92 Monthly Progress of Tunnels, 342 Mullan Tunnel Relined, 319 Murray Hill Tunnel, 123 Natural Ventilation, 326 New York Rapid Transit Subway, 209 Niagara Falls Power Tunnel, 97 Niches, 81 Open Cut or Tunnel, 1 Open-cut Tunneling: General Discussion, 195 Parallel Longitudinal Trenches, 197 Single Trench, 196 Single Narrow Trench, 197 Transverse Trenches, 200 Tunnels on the Surface, 200