Caissons, 293 Canals and Pipe Lines, 86 Cascade Tunnel, 98 Center-cut, 91 Center Line: Curvilinear Tunnels, 14 Determination of, 9 Rectilinear Tunnels, 9 Simplon Tunnel, 106 Submarine Tunnels, 265 Triangulation, 12 Transferred through Center Shafts, 13 Transferred through Side Shafts, 14 Value’s Device, 10 Centers: For Arches, 68 English Method, 169 Ground Molds, 66 Italian Method, 184 Lagging, 71 Leading Frames, 67 Setting Up, 70 Striking, 71 Chattanooga Tunnel, Accident, 311 City and South London Railway Shield, 250 Classification of Tunnels, 42 Coal-gas Lighting, 333 Cofferdam Method of Tunneling, 281 Van Buren Street Tunnel, Chicago, 282 Collapse of Tunnels, 302 Compressed Air: For Power, 87 For Ventilation, 330 Concrete Lining, 75 Fort George Tunnel, 139 Murray Hill Tunnel, 126 Cost of: Double-track Tunnels, 340 Hauling, 338 Headings, 337 Hoisting, 338 Single-track Tunnel, 340 Submarine Tunnels, 341 Subways, 209-217 Tunnels, 336 Craven, Alfred, 39 Craven’s Sunflower, 39 Cross-section: Dimensions of, 20 Form of, 18 Hudson River Tunnel Pennsylvania Railroad, 277 Crown-bar (see American Method). Subways, 204-211 Croton Aqueduct Tunnel, 95 Culverts, 80 Detroit River Tunnel, 296 Diamond Drilling Machine, 27 Directing the Shield, 265 Drift, 37 Drift Method: General Discussion, 102 Murray Hill Tunnel, 123 Simplon Tunnel, 103 Drilling Machines: Brandt, 112 Ingersoll, 26 Drills: Diamond, 27 Hand, 23 Mountings for, 25 Percussion, 24 Power, 24 Rotary, 27 Dumping Cars, 60 Electric Firing, 32 Electric Lighting, 335 English Method: Advantages and Disadvantages, 171 Centers, 169 Excavation, 166 General Discussion, 166 Lining, 170 Strutting, 167 Enlargement of the Profile, 38 Entrances, 81 Erector, 272 Excavation: American Method, 172 Arrangement of Drill Holes, 90 Austrian Method, 176 Belgian Method, 145 Center-cut, 91 Enlargement of Profile, 38 English Method, 166 Fort George Tunnel, 136 German Method, 155 Headings, 37, 91 Hudson River Tunnel of Pennsylvania Railroad, 273 Italian Method, 182 Murray Hill Tunnel, 124 Quicksand Method, 189 Pilot Method, 193 Shield and Compressed Air Method, 267 Simplon Tunnel, 110 Excavating Machines: For Earth, 22 For Rock, 23 Explosions, 33 Dynamite, 30 Gunpowder, 28 Nitroglycerine, 29 Quantity of, 34 Storage of, 30 Failure of Tunnel Roof, 305 Forgie, James, 269 Fort George Tunnel, 135 Foundations for Lining, 76 Fox, Charles B., 103 Frame Strutting, 49 Fuses, 31