[Illustration: TURKISH RAILWAYS IN 1918] TURKEY, THE GREAT POWERS, AND THE BAGDAD RAILWAY [Illustration: ·The MM C^o·] THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS · ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA · MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO Turkey, The Great Powers, and The Bagdad Railway _A Study in Imperialism_ BY EDWARD MEAD EARLE, PH.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1924 _All rights reserved_ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published July, 1923. _Reprinted_ _July, 1924_ Press of J. J. Little & Ives Company New York, U. S. A. “When the history of the latter part of the nineteenth century will come to be written, one event will be singled out above all others for its intrinsic importance and for its far-reaching results; namely, the conventions of 1899 and of 1902 between His Imperial Majesty the Sultan of Turkey and the German Company of the Anatolian Railways.”—Charles Sarolea, _The Bagdad Railway and German Expansion as a Factor in European Politics_ (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 3. “The Turkish Government, I know, have been accused of being corrupt. I venture to submit that it has not been for want of encouragement from Europeans that the Turks have been corrupt. The sinister—I think it is not going too far to use that word—effect of European financiers on Turkey has had more to do with the misgovernment than any Turk, young or old.”—Sir Mark Sykes, in the House of Commons, March 18, 1914. PREFACE