[37] _Article 38_; “The Trade of the Mesopotamian Valley,” in _Commerce Reports_, No. 280 (Washington, 1912), pp. 1050–1065, and No. 256 (1913), pp. 350–358; Karl Baedeker, _Palestine and Syria, with the chief routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia_ (fourth edition, Leipzig, 1906), pp. 351–411. [38] Valentine Chirol, _The Middle Eastern Question, or Some Political Problems of Indian Defence_ (New York, 1903), pp. 179–182. [39] This is the distance by the Tigris and the Shatt-el-Arab; as the crow flies, the distance is about 150 miles shorter. [40] Regarding the Lynch Brothers see David Fraser, _The Short Cut to India_ (London, 1909), pp. 42 _et seq._; _Mesopotamia_, p. 30; _The Near East_, August 11, 1916, p. 358; _infra_, pp. 190–191. [41] _Article 1_, which describes in detail the route of the Bagdad Railway and its branches. [42] Chirol, _op. cit._, p. 179; _Supplement to Daily Consular and Trade Reports_, Annual Series (Washington, 1915). [43] The distances on the Bagdad Railway may be estimated as follows: Haidar Pasha to Ismid 91 kilometres Ismid to Eski Shehr 174 ” Eski Shehr to Konia 444 ” Konia to Basra 2,264 ” Branch lines, about 800 ” ——- Total 3,773 kilometres, or approximately 2,400 miles. This does not include the section of the Anatolian Railway from Eski Shehr to Angora, a distance of 311 kilometres, or 194 miles additional. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railway from Chicago to Los Angeles is 2,246 miles in length. The distance from Chicago to San Francisco _via_ the Chicago and Northwestern-Union Pacific system is 2,261 miles. _Official Guide of the Railways of the United States_ October, 1921, pp. 679, 825. [44] _Cf., e.g._, T. W. Overlach, _Foreign Financial Control in China_ (New York, 1919), _passim_; _La Gaceta Oficial_ of the Republic of Cuba for the years 1911 and 1912, regarding the _Ferrocarril de la Costa Norte de Cuba_; the _Statesman’s Year Book_, 1903, p. 1044. [45] The average population per square mile in eastern Anatolia was 27, in northern Syria 31, in Mesopotamia 13. [46] _Diplomatic and Consular Reports_, 1903, No. 3140, pp. 26–27; Sir William Willcocks, _The Recreation of Chaldea_ (Cairo, 1903). [47] This financial assistance was granted at the rate of 11,000 francs per kilometre, payable annually throughout the ninety-nine years of the concession. The obligation was capitalized and met by the issue of 4% bonds as here described.