All the Hopi priests say that the Siotü (Zuñis) have no knowledge of
the Tcütcübwimi (Snake-Antelope mysteries). The same chiefs likewise
claim that the Zuñis have no Mamzraúti, Lálakoñti,[118] Wüwütcímti, and
no societies corresponding to the Tátaukyamû, Áaltû, or Kwákwantû.
Although they may not reproduce some of these ceremonials in the form
celebrated by the Hopi, it is not clear to me that some of those which
they observe may not be differentiations of the same ceremony, as I
have shown in my accounts of the women’s dances.[119] There is a marked
similarity in many of the myths, which would seem to imply resemblances
in ritualistic dramatizations of the same.
It is possible to verify historical data and legendary history by a
study of the same ceremony. For instance, the five oldest Tusayan
pueblos of which we have accounts in the earliest records are Awatobi,
Walpi, Micoñinovi, Cuñopavi, and Oraibi.[120] Awatobi was destroyed in
1700, so that but four original communities of the time of Vargas still
remain. It is in these four and at Cipaulovi that the Snake ceremony is
still celebrated, and Sitcomovi and Hano are ascribed by Hopi legends
to a much later time than the first appearance of the Spaniards; their
names do not appear in the early descriptions of the province.
It is a mistaken idea, and one which has led to many misconceptions,
to suppose that what is true of one group of pueblos is true of all.
While in a general way the mythology and ritual of all may be said to
have general resemblances, there is far from an identity between the
ceremonials, for instance, of the Hopi and the Zuñi, or those of the
Rio Grande pueblos and Tusayan. It is not a question of knowing all by
an intimate knowledge of one; but each branch, even individual pueblos,
must be investigated separately before by comparative knowledge we
can obtain an adequate conception of the character of the pueblo
type of mythology and ritual. Moreover, there is evidence that this
difference existed in ancient times, and while the differentiation of
the manners and customs of different pueblos may have been less rapid
in the past than today they were far from being identical. It does
not follow, except in certain limits, that the most primitive pueblos
today show in their survivals a better picture of the character of life
in another pueblo than the existing state of things in the latter. To
reconstruct the probable character of the ancient culture we must trace
similarities by comparative studies.
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