Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Stacy Brown Thellend and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Transcriber's Note: The footnotes marked with lower-case letters were originally sidenotes which referred to sentences within the paragraph. I placed them at the end of chapters to avoid confusion with the footnotes marked with numbers, which were footnotes in the original and are at the end of the text. TWO OLD FAITHS ESSAYS ON THE RELIGIONS OF THE HINDUS AND THE MOHAMMEDANS BY J. MURRAY MITCHELL, M.A., LL.D. AND SIR WILLIAM MUIR, LL.D., D.C.L. NEW YORK CHAUTAUQUA PRESS C.L.S.C. Department, 150 Fifth Avenue 1891 The required books of the C.L.S.C. are recommended by a Council of Six. It must, however, be understood that recommendation does not involve an approval by the Council, or by any member of it, of every principle or doctrine contained in the book recommended. * * * * * These essays have been selected from the admirable series of _Present Day Tracts_, published by the Religious Tract Society, London, and are reprinted with permission. CONTENTS. THE HINDU RELIGION. PAGE Outline of the Essay 7 Introduction 9 The Vedas 12 Philosophy, and Ritualism 31 Reconstruction--Modern Hinduism 43 Contrast with Christianity 58 Hinduism in Contact with Christianity 68 THE RISE AND DECLINE OF ISLAM. Outline of the Essay 83 Introduction 85 The Rapid Spread of Islam 87 Why the Spread of Islam was Stayed 125 Low Position of Islam in the Scale of Civilization 129 THE HINDU RELIGION. OUTLINE OF THE ESSAY. The place of Hinduism--which is professed by about a hundred and ninety millions in India--among the religions of the world, and its great antiquity, are pointed out. The comparative simplicity of the system contained in the Vedas, the oldest sacred books of the Hindus, its almost entire freedom from the use of images, its gradual deterioration in the later hymns, its gradual multiplication of gods, the advance of sacerdotalism, and the increasing complexity of its religious rites are set forth. The philosophical speculation that was carried on, the different philosophical schools, the Buddhist reaction, its conflict with Brahmanism, its final defeat, and its influence on the victorious system are discussed. The religious reconstruction represented by the Puranas, their theological character, the modern ritual, the introduction and rise of caste, and the treatment of women are then considered.