From this point on there are two lines of development which may be followed separately, one the development of the power printing press in which the bed and platen are brought together by a power-driven gear rather than by a hand-moved lever, the other the development of the cylinder press. The first known attempt to apply power to a printing press was made by William Nicholson, of London, in 1790, in connection with his abortive attempt at the invention of a cylinder press, to which reference will be made later. The first American attempt to use power was made by Nathan Hale, father of the famous Edward Everett Hale, who took possession of the Boston Advertiser in 1814. Daniel Treadwell, of Boston, invented and built for Hale the first power press used in America. It was a very large platen with a wooden frame. The presses of Isaac Adams (1830) and Otis Tufts (1834) also had originally wooden frames, but later were built with iron frames. Very few Treadwell presses were ever used. At first they were driven by horsepower, later by steam. The early power presses were worked by horses, by men known as crank-men, and even in the case of small machines by dogs. These crude power appliances soon gave way to steam, and within a few years steam has been largely supplanted by the electric drive, with a tendency to a preponderance of individual motor-driven machines. The electric drive, by the way, is an American invention. In 1830 Samuel Adams, of Boston, built a platen power press, which was long the only power press capable of fine work and exact register. Not long later S. P. Ruggles, of Boston, invented the Diamond, a small, rapid machine for the quick production of cards, envelopes, and other small work, and later, in 1839, the Ruggles rotary, a successful and popular power jobber. In 1856 George P. Gordon began the line of Gordon presses, still made in improved models by the Chandler & Price Company, of Cleveland, and very extensively used. The advantages of the Gordon were simplicity of design, a strong impression, high speed, and lightness of running. In 1869 Merritt Gally invented the Universal press, using a different mechanical system and producing a perfectly parallel impression. Gally’s invention was later improved by John Thomson, who produced a machine which has been extensively used and is well known as the John Thomson press. In 1875 Gally also invented a heavy press for embossing, cutting, and creasing heavy stock. In 1885 the Colt’s Armory universal press, a very excellent machine especially adapted to heavy work, was placed on the market. In 1885 Wellington P. Kidder invented a platen press of the Gordon type, with automatic feed and delivery. In 1890 Albert Harris invented the Harris press, the first really successful high-speed automatic jobber. Two other familiar high-speed presses, the Auto Press and the Kelly, are small high-speed cylinders.