Such examples might be culled in great numbers from his writings. He
seems at times to have been an earnest seeker after God. He declared
that God did not dwell in temples made of wood and stone; that He
did not delight in the blood of victims; that He is near to all His
creatures; that men must believe in Him before they can approach Him,
and that the truest service for Him is to be like unto Him. Some of his
sayings approach the lofty precepts of Christ and His apostles. He is
frequently quoted with approbation by early Christian writers. Yet his
precepts differ from the Scriptural teachings in the fact that some
of them are merely rhetorical and superficial. Others are fragmentary
and inadequate. They are not winnowed from all chaff. At their highest
level also they simply emphasize the demands of the moral law without
offering to man any help for attaining to holiness other than what his
own heroic decision may furnish. In their searching quality some of
them are of a type so Pauline that many have thought that he and Paul,
his contemporary, must have been well acquainted. There is said to
have been a tradition to that effect as early as the fourth century.
Indeed, some early Christian thought he was doing a good service to
write a book that he called “Conversations between Seneca and Paul.”
Its spuriousness is now generally admitted. But we naturally ask: Is it
likely that Seneca knew anything of Paul?
On one hand, we may answer on general principles that a man in the
high position of Seneca would not be likely to come into contact with
despised and persecuted people, such as the Jews (and especially the
Christians) then were. Most stoics would rather repel such company
superciliously. On the other hand, we know that Paul had been tried in
Corinth by Marcus Annæus Gallio, Seneca’s brother, and that at Paul’s
arrival at Rome he was put under the charge of Burrus, the prefect
of the Prætorian Guard, who was Seneca’s friend. It is possible that
through one of these, especially the latter, the philosopher may have
heard of the apostle and in the course of his philosophic inquiries
may have gone to hear him in disguise or listened to reports of his
preaching, which was causing a stir among the Jews. He may thus have
used ideas the source of which he would not deign to acknowledge.
Whether this was true or not, it is probable that Paul and Peter were
before long much respected by some members of the Annæan family to
which Seneca belonged. Lanciani tells us that in 1867 an inscription
was found in a tomb at Ostia such as is here reproduced.
While it is clearly a pagan inscription, shown by the invocation
letters D . M (Diis Manibus,--to the gods of the lower regions,--)
Marcus Annæus, the father, who placed the inscription, seems to have
been named for Paul, and the Marcus Annæus, the “dearest son,” whom
it commemorates, to have been named for both Paul and Peter. The
occurrence of the two names together
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