THE RECALL 122 CHAPTER X INDEPENDENT MOVEMENTS AND THE NEW PARTY 128 CHAPTER XI THE SECURITY OF EXTRA-LEGAL UNPOPULAR GOVERNMENT BY POLITOCRATS IN THE UNITED STATES 133 CHAPTER XII THE MENACE TO UNPOPULAR GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMISSION FORM OF GOVERNMENT FOR SMALLER CITIES 139 CHAPTER XIII THE PRINCIPLES OF THE COMMISSION FORM OF GOVERNMENT APPLIED TO THE LARGER CITIES 162 CHAPTER XIV THE PRINCIPLES OF THE COMMISSION FORM OF GOVERNMENT APPLIED TO THE STATE 166 CHAPTER XV CONTEMPORARY PLANS LOOKING TOWARD THE UNION OF THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF STATE GOVERNMENTS 181 CHAPTER XVI THE SECOND-CHAMBER PROBLEM 193 CHAPTER XVII METHODS OF SELECTING AND RETIRING JUDGES 225 CHAPTER XVIII CHANGES IN THE PLAN OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 252 CHAPTER XIX CONCLUSION 262 INTRODUCTION The plan for state and municipal governments generally accepted in the United States in the middle period of the nineteenth century gave great satisfaction in the provincial and frontier communities where it was adopted and which then composed the principal part of the United States. In many nooks and corners of the country today we have relics of this provincial and frontier society. In such districts this plan for state and municipal governments is entirely satisfactory in practice. To depart from it would be unwise, for the reason that in matters of government that which is and which is not positively objectionable should be let alone. Frequently men of talent and power, whose youth was spent in the provincial and frontier era of our social and political development, still find conditions about them not so much changed. To them the mid-nineteenth-century plan and its practice are entirely satisfactory. Any criticism of it would at once meet with a vigorous and, no doubt, from the point of view of provincial and frontier conditions, a complete defense. To the inhabitants of those parts of the United States where such provincial and frontier conditions still exist the following essay is not addressed.