The North American Indians used at least nine species of _Nicotiana_, most of which were cultivated. _Nicotiana tabacum_, the species to which practically all the modern commercial tobaccos belong, was grown throughout Mexico, the West Indies, and in northern and eastern South America. It was unknown north of Mexico until its introduction into Virginia by the English colonists. _Nicotiana rustica_, a much hardier species with a yellow flower, was grown by the Indians of the eastern United States and Canada as far west as the great plains and as far north as agriculture was possible. It was the first tobacco grown in Virginia for the European trade, but was soon supplanted there by _N. tabacum_. Small patches of it are still cultivated by some of the Central Algonquian tribes who use it in their ceremonies. _N. attenuata_ was used over a larger area than any other species. It is found in its natural state in the southwestern United States and southern plains, and as a cultivated plant extends northward into western Canada and British Columbia. It was also cultivated on the lower Colorado, but the typical Pueblo tribes do not seem to have raised it. _N. multivalvis_ was grown in Washington and Oregon, as well as by the Crow, who lived on the western edge of the plains. A related species (_N. quadrivalvis_) was grown by the settled tribes along the Missouri river. Still another species (_N. biglovii_) was used by the California tribes, and is known to have been cultivated by the Hupa. The three last-named species are rather closely related; it seems probable that _N. multivalvis_ and _N. quadrivalvis_ were brought into the plains area from the west, displacing _N. attenuata_. [Illustration: PLATE II. AMERICAN INDIAN TOBACCO PIPES. 1. BOWL OF BASKETMAKER PIPE. 2. BOWLS OF SOUTHWESTERN TUBULAR PIPES. 3. SOUTHWESTERN TUBULAR PIPE, SANDSTONE. 4. CALIFORNIA CLAY PIPE. 5. CALIFORNIA STEATITE PIPE. 6. PIPE WITH STEATITE BOWL AND WOODEN STEM, AND PIPE CASE, CALIFORNIA.]