Cramer figures and describes a stamen occupying the place of a petal in _Daucus Carota_.[318] Turpin[319] describes a similar occurrence in _Monarda fistulosa_, in which the lower lip terminated in an anther, but this may have been a case of adhesion. Moquin cites from Chamisso, _Digitalis purpurea_, and from Jussieu, _Asphodelus ramosus_, as having presented this change, and Wiegmann[320] has seen anthers developed on the awns of _Avena chinensis_. In semi-double flowers of _Ophrys aranifera_ and _Orchis mascula_, the lateral petals are occasionally partially antheroid, and others occur in which two of the outer series of stamens, which are ordinarily suppressed, are present, but in a petaloid state. Reichenbach[321] figures an illustration of this change, and also Moggridge.[322] =Staminody of the pistils.=--The existence of this change has been denied by several authors, nevertheless, it is of sufficiently common occurrence. Alexander Braun notices the transformation of pistils into stamens in Chives (_Allium Scorodoprasum_), and in which three stamens appeared in the place of as many pistils, and had extrorse anthers, while the six normal anthers are introrse. In the horse-radish (_Armoracia rusticana_), two of the carpels are frequently converted into stamens, while two other organs absent from the normal flower make their appearance as carpels. Roeper has observed this phenomenon in _Euphorbia palustris_,[323] and in _Gentiana campestris_.[324] In these examples one of the carpels was apparently absent, and its place supplied by an anther. Roeper has also mentioned a balsam with a supernumerary stamen occupying exactly the position of a carpel.[325] Agardh has observed a similar thing in a hyacinth, one half of the fruit of which contained seeds, and the other half, anthers. B. Clarke mentions an instance in _Mathiola incana_ in which the carpels were disunited, and antheriferous at the margin.[326] The passage of pistils to stamens in willows has been frequently remarked, as in _Salix babylonica_, _silesiaca_, _cinerea_, _Caprea_ and _nigricans_. One of the most curious illustrations of this transformation in this genus is given by Henry and Macquart (Erst. Jahrb. des bot. Vereines am m. et n. Rhein., 1837). In the flowers in question the series of changes were as follows:--first, the ovary opened by a slit, and then expanded into a cup; next, anther-cells were developed on the margin of the cup, with stigmas alternating with them, the ovules at the same time disappearing; lastly, the margin became divided, and bore three perfect anthers, which in the more perfect states were raised on three filaments. _Campanula persicifolia_, _C. rapunculoides_, and _C. glomerata_ have been observed to present an anther surmounting the pistil.[327] Double tulips often present this change, and a like appearance has been observed in _Galanthus nivalis_, and _Narcissus Tazetta_.