Another instance of the development of parts usually suppressed, is afforded by the bud-scales of _Magnolia fuscata_, which may sometimes be found with small but perfect leaves projecting from them, the leaf in this case being the lamina which is ordinarily abortive, while the scales are the representatives of the stipules. This condition is said by Hooker and Thomson ('Flora Indica,' p. 73) to be constant in _Magnolia Campbelli_. =Enlargement of the perianth, &c.=--One or all the segments of the perianth may be subjected to hypertrophy; thus, the utricle of _Carex vulpina_ may frequently be observed to attain four or five times its usual size, the contained ovary remaining unaffected. This condition is generally the result of insect puncture. The growth of parasitic fungi will produce a similar result, as is often seen in the common shepherd's purse, _Thlaspi bursa pastoris_, and other _Cruciferae_. The perianth of _Rumex aquaticus_ has been also observed to be occasionally hypertrophied in conjunction with a similar condition of the pistil and with atrophy of the ovules. Moquin relates having found flowers of _Salsola Kali_ and of _Chenopodium murale_ in which some of the segments of the perianth were five or six times larger than they should be. [Illustration: FIG. 205.--Hypertrophy of the perianth in _Cocos nucifera_.] The adjoining woodcut represents a singular condition of some cocoa-nuts in the Kew Museum, the appearance of which is due apparently to an hypertrophied condition of the segments of the perianth, which have not only increased in length as the central nut has ripened, but have developed in their tissues that fibrous tissue which ordinarily is found in the pericarp only. This view of the structure of these nuts is borne out by the fact that, under normal circumstances, the base of the perianth contains a considerable amount of fibrous material. In the present case this has increased to such an extent that the fruit appears surrounded by a double husk, by an inner one as usual, and by an outer six-parted one.