=Enlargement of the gynoecium.=--In some flowers which have become accidentally female the pistil becomes unusually large, and even to such an extent as to prevent the passage of the pollen. Moquin remarks having seen this enlargement in the pistils of _Suaeda fruticosa_ and _Kochia scoparia_. The flowers of these Chenopods, under these circumstances, resemble the female flowers of some nettles. The styles of _Anemone_ are also much enlarged as the result of cultivation, and from their petaloid appearance resemble those of the _Iris_ (Goethe). MM. Seringe and Heyland[501] have figured some anomalous flowers of _Diplotaxis tenuifolia_ in which the pistil, more or less distended and deformed, was considerably elongated below, so that it seemed to be borne upon a long stalk, analogous to that of fruits of Capparids. Dr. Klinsman[502] mentions an instance of a similar kind combined with hypertrophy of the sepals and pistils; indeed, the alteration is not uncommon among Crucifers. _Pyrethrum inodorum_ is very subject to hypertrophy. The styles of its radial florets become elongated without any other alteration; at the same time the small corollas become green, and show a tendency to assume a foliaceous condition. Sometimes the hypertrophy affects also the styles of the central florets, and these also become enlarged to double or treble their usual dimensions. Linne has remarked that the ovary of _Tragopogon_ sometimes assumes very large dimensions, as also does the pappus. He mentions a double-flowered variety, the ovaries of which become ten or twelve times larger than ordinary. M. Clos[503] records an instance in _Rumex scutatus_ wherein the pistil was hypertrophied or club-shaped, and open at the top, or in other cases funnel-shaped, three-lobed at the summit, each lobe terminated by a style. One of the most frequent causes tending to the hypertrophy of the pistil is attributable to the puncture of insects; thus, when the ovary of _Juncus articulatus_ is thus punctured, it acquires a size two or three times larger than ordinary, becoming at the same time sterile.[504] Occasionally the enlargement may be due to a fusion or incorporation of other elements; thus, M. Lemaire describes an instance in which the style of _Sinningia purpurea_ was much larger than ordinary, tubular, bearing three small lobes, and altogether bearing much resemblance to the column or "gynosteme" of Orchids. This appearance was due to the cohesion and intimate union of the styles with three abortive stamens.[505]