=Miscellaneous adhesions.=--Sometimes organs, comparatively speaking, widely separated one from the other, become united together. Miquel has recorded the union of a stigma with the middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla of _Salvia pratensis_.[39] In the accompanying figure [fig. 13], taken from a double wallflower, there is shown an adhesion between a petal and an open carpel on the one side, and a stamen on the other. Moquin speaks of some pears, which were united, at an early stage, with one or two small leaves borne by the peduncle and grafted to the fruit by the whole of their upper surface. As the pear increased in size the leaves became detached from it, leaving on the surface of the fruit an impression of the same form as the leaf, and differing in colour from the rest of the surface of the fruit. Traces of the principal nerves were seen on the pear. [Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Cheiranthus cheiri_. Adhesion of petal to stamen and open carpel.] It is curious to notice how very rare it is for the calyx to adhere to the ovary in flowers where that organ is normally superior. The "_calyx inferus_" seems scarcely ever to become "_calyx superus_," while, on the other hand, the "_calyx normaliter superus_" frequently becomes inferior from detachment from, or from want of union with the surface of the ovary. =Adhesion of fruit to branch.=--Of this Mr. Berkeley[40] cites an instance in a vegetable marrow (_Cucumis_), where a female flower had become confluent with the branch, at whose base it was placed, and also with two or more flowers at the upper part of the same branch, so as to make an oblique scar running down from the apex of the fruit to the branch. =Synanthy.=--Adhesion of two or more flowers takes place in various ways; sometimes merely the stalks are united together, so that we have a single peduncle, bearing at its extremity two flowers placed in approximation very slightly adherent one to the other. In this manner I have seen three flowers of the vegetable marrow on a common stalk, the flowers themselves being only united at the extreme base. Occasionally cases may be met with wherein the pedicels of a stalked flower become adherent to the side of a sessile flower. I have noticed this commonly in _Umbelliferae_. Union of this kind occurs frequently in the common cornel (_Cornus_), wherein one of the lower flowers becomes adherent to one of the upper ones. In De Candolle's 'Organographie Vegetale,' Plates 14 and 15, are figured cases of fusion of the flower stems of the Hyacinth and of a _Centaurea_. In other cases the union involves not only the stalk but the flowers themselves; thus fusion of the flowers is a common accompaniment of fasciation, as was the case in the _Campanula_ figured in the cut (fig. 14). [Illustration: FIG. 14.--Synanthic flowers of _Campanula medium_.]