VIII. THE FRENCH ACADEMY 110 IX. PERSONAL AND POLITICAL 121 X. THE POET IN EXILE 141 XI. IN GUERNSEY.--'LES MISÉRABLES' 152 XII. LITERARY AND DRAMATIC 169 XIII. PARIS AND THE SIEGE 186 XIV. 'QUATRE-VINGT-TREIZE.'--POLITICS, ETC. 201 XV. POEMS ON RELIGION 217 XVI. PUBLIC ADDRESSES, ETC. 223 XVII. 'LA LÉGENDE DES SIÈCLES,' ETC. 237 XVIII. HONOURS TO VICTOR HUGO 248 XIX. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS 261 XX. THE POET'S DEATH AND BURIAL 274 XXI. GENIUS AND CHARACTERISTICS 304 VICTOR HUGO: HIS LIFE AND WORK. CHAPTER I. EARLY YEARS. The glory of France touched its zenith at the period when our narrative opens. Europe virtually lay at the feet of Napoleon, who had risen to a height of authority and power which might well have satisfied the most vaulting ambition. Nations whose records extended back into the ages of antiquity trembled before him; and only one people, that of this sea-girt isle of Britain, declined to bend the knee to the all-conquering First Consul. Yet the philosophic mind, reflecting that the stability of a nation or a throne must be measured by its growth, must surely have distrusted the permanence of a grandeur and a greatness thus rapidly achieved. And speedily would such prevision have been justified, for in little more than one brief decade the sun of Napoleon set as suddenly as it arose. But while as yet the fame and the splendour of the conqueror were in their noonday, there was born at Besançon another child of genius, whose triumphs were to be won in a different and a nobler sphere. He was destined to touch, as with Ithuriel's spear, the sleeping spirit of French poesy, and to animate it with new life, vigour, and enthusiasm; he was to recall the divine muse from the drear region of classicism, and, by revivifying almost every branch of imaginative literature, he was himself to gain the triple crown of poet, romancist, and dramatist. And not alone for this was the child Victor Hugo to grow into manhood and venerable age. He was to become a great apostle of liberty, and as his life opened with the triumphs of the first Napoleon, so before its close he was destined to behold the last of that name pass away in the whirlwind, and France recover much of her prosperity and her power under the ægis of the Republic, of which the poet sang and for which he laboured.