Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval HistoryVinogradoff, Paul
History
Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History
Vinogradoff, Paul
Villeinage -- England -- History -- To 1500
Such a distribution of the arable seems odd enough. It led undoubtedly
to very great inconvenience in many ways: it was difficult for the owner
to look after his property in the several fields, and to move constantly
from one place to another for the purposes of cultivation. A thrifty
husbandman was more or less dependent for the results of his work on his
neighbours, who very likely were not thrifty. The strips were not always
measured with exactness[468], and our surveys mention curious
misunderstandings in this respect: it happens that as much as three
acres belonging to a particular person get mislaid somehow and cannot be
identified[469]. It is needless to say that disputes among the
neighbours were rendered especially frequent by the rough way of
dividing the strips, and by the cutting up of the holdings into narrow
strips involving a very long line of boundary. And still the open-field
system, with the intermixed strips, is quite a prevalent feature of
mediaeval husbandry all over Europe. It covers the whole area occupied
by the village community; it is found in Russia as well as in England.
[Division of the land in Segheho.]
Before we try to find an explanation for it, I shall call the attention
of the reader to the following tale preserved by an ancient survey of
Dunstable Priory. I think that the record may suggest the explanation
with the more authority as it will proceed from well-established facts
and not from suppositions[470]. The story goes back to the original
division of the land belonging to the Wahull manor by the lords de
Wahull and de la Lege. The former had to receive two-thirds of the manor
and the latter one-third: a note explains this to mean, that one had to
take twenty knight-fees and the other ten. The lord de Wahull took all
the park in Segheho and the entire demesne farm in 'Bechebury.' As a
compensation for the surrender of rights on the part of his fellow
parcener, he ordered the wood and pasture called Northwood to be
measured, as also the neighbouring wood called Churlwood. He removed all
the peasants who lived in these places, and had also the arable of
Segheho measured, and it was found that there were eight hides of
villain land. Of these eight hides one-fourth was taken, and it was
reckoned that this fourth was an equivalent to the one-third of the park
and of the demesne farm, which ought by right to have gone to the lord
de la Lege. On the basis of this estimation an exchange was effected.
In the time of the war (perhaps the rebellion of 1173) the eight hides
and other hides in Segheho were encroached upon and appropriated
unrighteously by many, and for this reason a general revision of the
holdings was undertaken before Walter de Wahull and Hugh de la Lege in
full court by six old men; it was made out to which of the hides the
several acres belonged. At that time, when all the tenants in Segheho
(knights, freeholders, and others) did not know exactly about the land
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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