By substituting the values of altitude _h_ in the equation the values of the length _x_ of the image are found. The following values illustrate the change in size of the image with altitude: Altitude _h_ in feet Size of image _x_ in inches 1,000 1.00 2,000 0.50 3,000 0.33 4,000 0.25 10,000 0.10 20,000 0.05 It is seen that the image diminishes less rapidly in size as the altitude increases. For example, going from 1000 feet to 2000 feet the image is reduced to one-half. The same reduction takes place in ascending from 10,000 to 20,000 feet. By taking a series of photographs and knowing the reduction-factor of the lens it is a simple matter to study pattern. An airplane of known dimensions can be placed in the imagination at any altitude on a photograph taken at a known altitude and the futility of certain patterns and the advantages of others are at once evident. [Illustration: Fig. 100.--Illustrating the study of pattern for airplanes. The photograph was taken from an altitude of 10,000 feet. The insert shows the relative lengths (vertical scale) of an airplane of 50-foot spread at various distances below the observer.] It is impracticable to present colored illustrations in this résumé and values expressed in numbers are meaningless to most persons, so a few general remarks will be made in closing the discussion of low visibility as viewed from above in spring, summer and fall. A black craft is of much lower visibility than a white one. White should not be used. The paints should be very dark shades. The hues are approximately the same for the earth areas as seen at the earth's surface. Inland waters are a dirty blue-green or bluish-green, and deep ocean water is a greenish-blue when viewed vertically, or nearly so. Mean hues of these were determined approximately.