Voltaire's history of Charles XII, king of SwedenVoltaire
Philosophy
Voltaire's history of Charles XII, king of Sweden
Voltaire
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1682-1718
King Augustus came thither with some troops, attended by General
Schullemburg, whose passage across the Oder had got him a reputation
in the north, and in whom he placed his great hope. The Czar arrived
followed by 100,000 men. The two monarchs formed new plans of war. As
King Augustus was dethroned he was no longer afraid of exasperating
the Poles by delivering their country to the Russian troops. It was
decided that the Czar’s army should be divided into several bodies to
oppose every action of the King of Sweden. During this interview King
Augustus instituted the order of the White Eagle, a feeble resource to
bring over to his side certain Polish lords who wanted real advantages
rather than an empty honour, which becomes ridiculous when derived from
a prince who is king only in name. The conference of the two Kings
ended in a strange manner. The Czar departed suddenly, leaving his
troops to his ally, in order to extinguish a rebellion with which he
was threatened in Astrakan. He had scarcely started when King Augustus
ordered the arrest of Patkul at Dresden.
All Europe was amazed that, in opposition to the law of nations,
and apparently to his own interest, he should venture to imprison
the ambassador of the only prince who afforded him protection. The
secret history of the affair was this: Patkul, proscribed in Sweden
for having maintained the privileges of his country, Livonia, had
become general to Augustus: but his high spirit not according with the
proud disposition of General Fleming, the King’s favourite, and more
imperious than himself, he had passed into the Czar’s service, and was
then his general and ambassador to Augustus. He was a man of great
discernment, and had found out that the proposal of Fleming and the
Chancellor of Saxony was to offer Charles peace on his own terms. He at
once formed a plan to prevent this and to bring about some arrangement
between the Czar and Sweden. The Chancellor got wind of his project,
and obtained leave to seize him. King Augustus told the Czar that
Patkul was a wretch and would betray them both. His only fault was that
he served his master too well: but an ill-timed piece of service is
often punished as a treason.
In the meantime, the 100,000 Russians, on one side, divided into
several small bodies, burnt and ravaged the estates of Stanislas’
adherents: while Schullemburg, on the other, was advancing with fresh
troops. But the fortune of the Swedes dispersed these two armies in
less than two months. Charles XII and Stanislas attacked the separate
corps of the Russians one after another, but so swiftly that one
Russian general was beaten before he had heard of the defeat of his
colleague. No obstacle could check the conqueror’s advance. If he found
a river in the way he and his Swedes swam across it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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