Magnetic Field. Pioneer data showed that the magnetic field of Jupiter has a dipolar nature, like that of the Earth, but 2000 times stronger. The calculated surface fields measured about 4 gauss, compared to a field of about 0.5 gauss on the Earth. The axis of the magnetic field was tilted 11 degrees with respect to the rotation axis, and it was offset by about 10 000 kilometers (0.1 R_J) from the center of the planet. [Illustration: Pioneers 10 and 11 did not obtain very detailed pictures of the satellites of Jupiter. The best view was of Ganymede, which showed a surface of contrasting light and dark spots of unknown nature.] [Illustration: A less detailed image of Europa clearly reveals the illuminated crescent but supplies little information about the surface of this ice-covered satellite.] Satellite Atmospheres. Two experiments yielded exciting new information on possible atmospheres of the Galilean satellites. First was an occultation, in which the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was targeted to pass behind Io as seen from Earth. At the moments just before the spacecraft disappeared, and just after reemergence from behind the satellite, the radio signal was influenced by a thin layer of ionized gas, in which the electrons had been stripped from the atoms by absorbed sunlight or by other processes. The ionosphere thus discovered had a peak density of about 60 000 electrons per cubic centimeter. In addition, a very extended far-ultraviolet glow, probably due to atomic hydrogen, was found near the orbit of Io by the ultraviolet photometer. Masses of Jupiter and Its Satellites. Precise radio tracking of the Pioneers as they coasted past Jupiter and its satellites revealed that Jupiter is about one percent heavier than had been anticipated, and several satellites were found to have masses that differ by more than ten percent from values determined previously. These improvements in knowledge of the masses were required to achieve the close satellite flybys being planned for later missions. [Illustration: The Pioneer spacecraft carried this plaque on the journey beyond the solar system, bearing data that tell where and when the human species lived and that convey details of our biological form. When Pioneer 10 flew by Jupiter it acquired sufficient kinetic energy to carry it completely out of the solar system. Some time between one and ten billion years from now, the probe may pass through the planetary system of a remote stellar neighbor, one of whose planets may have evolved intelligent life. If the spacecraft is detected and then inspected, Pioneer’s message will reach across the eons to communicate its greeting.] The Inner Magnetosphere.