When the dominion of a sovereign extends over a district confiding of a hundred provinces, and called _Ràshtra_, he is a _Ciacravartti_, or _Maharagia_: if it consists of twelve provinces, he is called _Ishvara_, master; or _Duàdasha_ _Mandaleshvara_, master of twelve provinces; or _Nrba_, king: but if he possesses only one province, he is called _Ragia_, king; _Adishvara_, illustrious lord; _Náyaga_x, lord; _Pála_ or _Pálaga_, regent; _Karta_, a reigning lord. From the word _Nayaga_, which is originally Samscred, ignorant geographers and travellers have made _Naik_; from _Pálaga_, the corrupted _Paleagar_; and from _Ragia_, the equally distorted _Naza_, _Rag_, or _Rajah_. The king’s court is called _Ràgiadhani_; a privy counsellor of the king, _Mandri_ or _Amàdya_; the king’s favourite, _Mitra_, _Sagghi_, or _Suhrl_; his mistress, _Bhògynya_; the place where the _Kshetria_ deliberate on state-affairs, _Ragiasabha_; the secret objects of these deliberations, _Rahasya_; the throne, _Sinhàsana_; the inspector-general, _Mahà Kárta Kritaga_; the minister of justice, who has the care of criminal affairs, _Mahá Danda Náyaga_; the generalissimo, _Mahásèna_; the tutor or preceptor of the royal children, _Mahácumáramatya_; the warden of the privy chambers, _Dvadsta_, _Darshaga_, or _Dvárapála_; the commandant of a fortress, _Cottapala_; the governor of a city, _Purapala_; the overseer of the sea-coasts and rivers, _Turapala_; the overseer of a district, _Adhigari_; an embassador, _Sandeshaciara_, or _Duda_; the king’s private spy, _Abasarpa_, or _Ciara_; the court-astrologer, _Giòdisha_; the lord steward of the king’s household, _Cangiuguia_; and the treasurer, _Coshadhyaksha_. All these appellations occur in the _Amarasinha_, the _Vyagarina_, and also in the inscription of _Monguir_. And as these books were written a hundred or two hundred years before the birth of Christ, it thence follows, that all these offices and places actually existed at that period in the courts of the Indian princes. In Malabar the following royal officers are still in existence: The _Torakáren_, intendant of the sea-coasts and rivers; the _Sènabadi_, generalissimo of all the military forces; four _Sarvadis_, or governors, each of whom has the superintendance of four provinces; a great many _Kariakarer_, or superior magistrates; the same number of _Adhigari_, or overseers of districts; together with a multitude of _Pravartikarer_ or tax-gatherers, and _Pullas_ or writers.