IV. _Aghni_, or _Ti_, that is, fire, which the _Shivanites_ worship as a symbol of _Shiva_ or the sun. They bear this mark both on their forehead and breast. The pyramidal form of the Indian temples shews that they are dedicated to the sun or fire. V. _Tirumanna_, the holy earth. This mark is painted on the breast and forehead with yellow, red, or white earth; and is used at _Jagarnat_ on the Ganges; at _Caveri_, _Cangipuram_, and, in general, every sacred place. The lateral strokes are white or yellow; but that in the middle always red. This mark represents the _Meddhra_, that is, the womb of _Bhavàni_, from which every thing existing was produced. It is much used by the _Shivanites_ and _Vishnuvites_. VI. _Tripundara_, that is, the ornament of the three stripes. It is painted with sandal wood and ashes; and signifies _Bhavani_, the goddess of nature, together with her three sons _Brahma_, _Vishnu_, and _Shiva_--earth, water, and fire. Some are of opinion that this mark represents properly _Vishnu_, as he swam in the water at the time of the creation. VII. The _Tripundara_ with the _Puttu_. It has the same signification as the preceding, and is formed with ashes. Both these marks are very common among the Indians. VIII. The _Lingam_ or _Phallus_ of _Shiva_: a symbol of the creative power of the sun. Some bear it on their neck; others paint it on the arms, and some on the forehead. IX. _Pàdiciandra_, the half-moon, which is painted on the forehead with yellow. It is a mark of the _Shivanites_, who worship the sun and the moon; and the symbol of _Ishàni_ and _Parvadi_, the ruler of mountains, the woman of the mountains, that is, the moon. X. _Pàdiciandra_ with the _Puttu_: has the same signification. XI. _Pattavardhana_, that is, growth, increase. This mark is an ornament of the priesthood, and is painted with yellow. It represents the square pit in which the _Homa_ or _Yaga_ is burnt. XII. _Vìdavardhana_, happiness, domestic felicity; a mark formed with cow’s dung, the symbol of abundance. The _Vishnuvites_, that is, the worshippers of water and earth, are accustomed to make great use of it. XIII. _Gòbura_, the tower; a mark which is painted also with a yellow colour. It is dedicated to _Ishi_, or _Lakshmi_, and relates in particular to the thriving of cattle. The above female deity bears on her head a turret of this kind, as Cybele did formerly. XIV. _Villa_, the bow. It is dedicated to _Shrivàma_, that is, the young Bacchus (the symbol of the sun), who with it combats the king of the night, the leader of monsters and giants, who is called _Ràvana_. According to tradition he was a king in the island of Ceylon: but properly he is the Pluto of the Indians. XV. _Tamara-ila_, or _Padma-ila_, the calyx, together with a leaf of the _nymphæa_. It is painted with yellow, for which the Indians have a particular fondness; and signifies water, from which every thing was, and still is, produced by the influence of the sun.