_Veppa_, the Chinchina tree, which has been mentioned already. In the Samscred language it is called _Nimba_, in the Tamulic _Aipu_, and in Portuguese _Amargozeira_. There are two kinds of it: one of them, which has a black appearance, is called _Karinveppa_; the other, with green prickly leaves, which have an exceedingly bitter taste, is known under the name of _Aryakarinvepa_. The latter, properly, is that which produces the real Malabar china. The bark of this tree, however, is employed by the Indians only in cases of necessity; for a decoction of the leaves, if the coarser parts which subside to the bottom of the vessel be used, produce as powerful an effect. The Brahmans are accustomed to prepare, from the juice of these leaves, what they call _Karil_; that is, a sauce which they eat with their rice. This medicine is of excellent service in tertian fevers, in cases of worms, and in all disorders arising from indigestion and weakness of the stomach and nerves. If the green leaves be bruised, and applied to wounds or ulcers of a long standing, they cleanse them, and prevent them from spreading or becoming cancerous. In a word, they answer the same purpose as the china bark, and in much shorter time, because more power is contained in the juice of the leaves than in the woody parts of the stem and the branches. The properties of this tree being therefore so nearly allied to those of the real china, which grows in America, the Indians can very well dispense with the latter, especially since it loses much of its virtue by long voyages, as the saline volatile particles it contains evaporate by the way. The nettle _Codituva_, as the Brahmans say, is an excellent remedy to purify and thin the blood; to expel the gout, leprosy, and malignant fevers; and to check coughs connected with spitting of blood. _Avanaka_, the so-called wonder and cross tree, in Portuguese _Figueiro d’Inferno_, bears a fruit which by expression yields a very salutary oil. It purifies and sweetens the blood, dissolves the corrupted juices, expels worms, and is of excellent service in the sciatica. _Ulatunwera_, the root of the tree _Ulam_, is an effectual remedy for the jaundice. It cleanses the urinary passage when obstructed by slimy accumulations, and cures the _Gonorrhœa benigna_. In the latter case the root is administered after it has been pulverised and mixed with sugar and milk. The _Ulam_, in Portuguese _Pareira brava_, is that kind of large ivy which bears very small fruit, enclosed in small husks like those of the coffee-berry. Its root only is officinal[235]. The _Ulam_, however, must not be confounded, as it has been by some, with the _Vallicàgneram_, which grows also in Malabar. Geofroy has given a particular description of this plant in his _Materia Medica_, where it occurs among the exotics. _Konna_, the _Cassia purgans_, carries off bile, purifies the reins, and is of a cooling nature; at least we are told so by the Brahmans.