I. The _Aratel_, an Indian word, signifies a pound, merchants’ weight, of sixteen ounces. Twenty-four such _Aratel_ or pounds make a _Manna_, which commercial people call _Mao_. Four _Manna_ and eight _Aratel_ make, in some provinces, a hundred weight. Of this kind is the hundred weight at Cochin. At Calcutta or Calicut the hundred weight is heavier than at Cochin. At the latter place and Travancor it contains, at present, only one hundred and twenty-eight _Aratel_. The _Tulam_ or _Tulao_ is a weight equal to a hundred _Palam_. The _Palam_ consists, in some places, of an hundred and fifty Cochinese _Panam_ or _Fanam_; but in others, of two hundred and ten; and in some, of three hundred. The _Rupee_ at Madras and Puduceri weighs thirty-two Cochinese _Panam_, as the silver _Panam_ current at Cochin makes the thirtieth part of a silver rupee. Eighteen Cochinese _Panam_ weigh one ounce. _Calangia_ is a weight equal to eleven Cochinese _Panam_ and one quarter. _Mangiadi_ is a weight equal to half a Cochinese _Panam_. _Kaicia_ is a weight equal to four _Calangias_. The great _Panam_ of Madras is the sixth part of a rupee. The small _Panam_ is the twelfth part of a silver rupee. The large _Panam_ of Madras makes almost five Cochinese _Panam_ and a quarter; but the rupee, which weighs thirty-two Cochinese _Panam_, is never worth more than twenty, or at most twenty-four, according to the course of exchange and the value of money, the determination of which depends merely on the government and bankers. It is said in some books of Travels, that these weights and their names have been conveyed from India to Ormus, Bassorah, and Mascate in Arabia, as well as to Malacca and the island of Ceylon. It is, however, worthy of remark, that the amount of these weights has been changed, and their names corrupted. Thus some write _Rotoli_, _Ratoli_, and _Rutoli_, instead of _Aratel_; _Tulao_, instead of _Tulam_; and _Palao_, instead of _Palam_. The heaviest weight in India is the _Candil_, which is equal to five hundred _Aratel_, or pounds. There is also a kind of _Candil_ which weighs sixteen, and another which weighs twenty _Manna_. It is highly necessary, therefore, that people should acquire an accurate knowledge of the Indian weights, since they are as different as the European pound, which consists sometimes of sixteen, sometimes of ten, and sometimes of twelve ounces. Articles of merchandise are weighed in India with two different kinds of instruments. The oldest is the _Tulàsa_, or Roman steel-yard, called by the French _Crochet_, or _Péson_. In the Malabar language it is known by the name of _Vellicòl_ or _Niracòl_; and, when very large, by that of _Taranacòl_. The other balance, which has two shells, is called _Tulam_. The former is the most common, and the figure of it may be seen on ancient monuments. II. The measures for liquids are: