Political Result: By the _Treaty of Tientsin_, June 9, 1885, China recognized the French protectorate in Tonkin and Annam, and promised to open the southern provinces to French traders. By treaties with Siam in 1893, and Great Britain in 1892–1896, Cambodia came also under French protection, and the Empire in Indo-China was consolidated. Remarks: France definitely joined in the competition for Imperial expansion. THE BURMESE WARS 1823–1826, 1851, 1885 Belligerents: Great Britain. Burma. Cause: The expansion of the British Empire in India involved the subjection of neighbouring states. In addition to this there was fear of the rivalry of France in Burma. Occasions: (1) The conquest of Assam, which was under British protection, by the King of Ava in 1823, and the attack by him on a British fort at Shapur, led to the declaration of war against Burma. (2) The insults offered to the British flag at Rangoon by the King of Ava, led to the fresh outbreak of war in 1851. (3) King Thibaw’s despotic rule and his design to enter into an agreement with France, led to the last Ultimatum in 1885. Course of the Wars: (I) A British force was defeated at Ramu, and the first two attempts to reach Ava failed. Martaban and Tennasserin were taken by the British, and the Burmese were expelled from Rangoon in December 1824. Prome was reached in April 1825. Myede was entered in December. In 1826 Sir Archibald Campbell pushed on to Yandabu, forty-five miles from Ava. By the treaty of peace February 24, 1826, the British gained the provinces of Assam, Arakan, and the coast of Tenasserim. (II) In April, 1852, as the King of Ava refused to come to terms, Rangoon, Martaban, and Bassein were taken by Dalhousie. Prome was taken in October, and Pegu in November 1852. No treaty was signed but the King was prepared to accept an accomplished fact. (III) In 1885 the British Ultimatum took King Thibaw by surprise, and within a fortnight he surrendered unconditionally when the British force approached his capital. Guerilla warfare continued for nearly two years. Political Result: By the proclamation of January 1, 1886, the whole of Burma was annexed, and Thibaw was deported to India. Remarks: The conquest of Burma was affected, not so much because of the misrule of the Kings of Ava as from a motive of Imperial expansion and the desire to forestall the designs of France. THE SERBO-BULGARIAN WAR 1885 Belligerents: Bulgaria. Serbia. Cause: