TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_. The words phoebe, manoeuvre, manoeuvring, Pooecetes and phoeniceus use "oe" ligature in the original text. The printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been retained. WAYS OF NATURE [Illustration: A BIRD IN SIGHT] WAYS OF NATURE BY JOHN BURROUGHS BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge COPYRIGHT 1905 BY JOHN BURROUGHS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED _Published October 1905_ PREFACE My reader will find this volume quite a departure in certain ways from the tone and spirit of my previous books, especially in regard to the subject of animal intelligence. Heretofore I have made the most of every gleam of intelligence of bird or four-footed beast that came under my observation, often, I fancy, making too much of it, and giving the wild creatures credit for more "sense" than they really possessed. The nature lover is always tempted to do this very thing; his tendency is to humanize the wild life about him, and to read his own traits and moods into whatever he looks upon. I have never consciously done this myself, at least to the extent of willfully misleading my reader. But some of our later nature writers have been guilty of this fault, and have so grossly exaggerated and misrepresented the every-day wild life of our fields and woods that their example has caused a strong reaction to take place in my own mind, and has led me to set about examining the whole subject of animal life and instinct in a way I have never done before.