The =Goat Moth= (_Cossus ligniperda_) is most frequently found on the willow, oak, lime and other trees. Being not only one of our largest native moths, but also one of the most destructive, its ravages are much dreaded, the holes or tunnels made by the moth being of large size—large enough to admit the little finger. Filling up the tunnels with a mixture of soot, lime and cow manure is an excellent remedy. The =Lackey Moth= (_Clisiocampa neustria_), so called from the gay colours of the caterpillar, is another destructive woodland pest, eating wholesale the leaves of the oak, elm, beech, poplar and most fruit trees. In April and May the caterpillars are hatched, when the leaves are just unfolding. They form a nest or web of silken hairs, generally amongst the smaller branches, in which they live during the day, sallying forth in the evening to feed on the tender foliage. Being very plentiful, they are usually difficult to deal with, but hand-picking and destroying the cocoons are the only practicable methods of meeting the evil. The =Winter Moth= (_Cheimatobia brumata_) and the =Lime Looper Moth= (_Hybernia defolaria_).—The caterpillars of both these moths are very destructive to the leaves of elms, limes and willows, but particularly to the buds of the apple tree. When full grown they descend to the ground, where they cover themselves and become chrysalides, from which the moths appear from October to December. Being almost wingless, it is by no means difficult to prevent their ascending the trees by painting a band of any sticky substance around the stems of the trees that it is expected they might attempt to crawl up. [Illustration: A. Larva of the Cossus Ligniperda, three years old, ready to change into the Chrysalis state.] [Illustration: A. Cossus Moth. B. Chrysalis from which the perfect Insect has escaped. C. Cluster of Eggs. D. Magnified Ovum. THE GOAT MOTH] The =Red Spider= (_Tetranychus_).—In hot and dry summers trees suffer much from this member of the mite family. Limes and poplars, as also many other trees, are greatly injured, the foliage turning to a russety brown colour, and falling off long before the usual time. There are several remedies, such as fumigating and spraying with a solution of soft soap, but none of these are applicable to a plantation of trees, or even a single specimen of large size. The =Thorn Fly= (_Aphis Cratægi_) attacks whole hedges or brakes of Quick, especially those in the nursery border; as a rule, the younger and more healthy plants first fall a prey to its depredations. Sponging with tobacco water, or almost any of the prescribed solutions will rapidly exterminate the fly; but such work is laborious when a large brake or long hedge of the thorn has to be gone over.