That the production of timber, in common with other trades, has of late years been rendered far less remunerative than formerly, owing principally to keen foreign competition, is a fact that is now well known, even to the most casual observer. In face of this it behoves us to ask ourselves the question: Do we utilize to the fullest extent the by-products of the forest and woodland, and so diminish waste, and, at the same time, add to the general revenue of the forest department? By waste produce, or by-products, is meant anything other than wood in the condition in which it is generally used, and includes bark, charcoal, firewood, house and kiln faggots, tar, wood-spirit, turpentine, sawdust, wood-ashes, leaf soil, etc. That much may be done, both in economy of production and in utilization of waste produce, is well known to those in charge of woods and forests in every part of the country. Where the by-products cannot well be utilized in any of the above-named ways, it would be better, perhaps, to reduce them to ashes; for, by so doing, insect and fungus life are lessened, and a valuable manure is obtained, particularly rich in potash, whether for grassland or certain farm or garden crops. The forest by-products of Great Britain and Ireland are, in the main, applied in the four following ways:— (1) Firewood. (2) Charcoal, for heating purposes, etc. (3) Bark for tanning. (4) Faggots, for house and kiln purposes. Although the British forester has usually little or nothing to do with what we might term the volatile products of the forest—tar, pitch, turpentine, rosin, wood-spirit, acetic acid, etc.—nor, indeed, with paper-pulp, it may not be out of place to point out briefly the minor uses to which waste timber and by-products generally may be applied. Tar, which at present is largely imported from the Baltic ports and Southern United States, is obtainable principally from three species of Pinus: _P. palustris_, _P. Pinaster_, and _P. sylvestris_. Pitch is simply tar deprived of the volatile oils, which is brought about by boiling. Turpentine comes from incisions made in the stems of some of the pines, principally _Pinus palustris_, _P. sylvestris_, and _P. tæda_. The common silver fir (_Abies pectinata_) produces the famous Strasburg turpentine, while the larch is the source of the Venice turpentine of commerce.