In New England the whole of the younger sapling pines—stem, branches, bark and leaves—are made into pasteboard, while in other countries the lime and poplar are converted into paper-pulp of great value. That the great and ever-increasing demand for paper of all qualities will cause a corresponding demand for the material used in its production cannot be doubted, and attention has already been directed to this matter in some parts of this country. From the sap of the larch and Scotch firs “coniferin” is obtained, while “rubber,” a valuable product for mixing with gutta-percha, which is very durable, is got from the bark of the common birch by distillation. The value of gorse as a food for horses and sheep is well known even in this country, while in Italy poplar leaves have long been used as cattle-food, and ground fir-needles in Styria for the same purpose. Dried leaves make excellent litter, and they are valuable as manure. Sawdust, though without manurial value, absorbs liquid manure, and is thus used as an excellent top-dressing. Leaf-mould is well known for its many uses in the garden, as for top-dressing and mixing with other poorer soils in the making of composts for planting. These are some of the many uses to which the minor by-products of the forest can be applied, but, as these hardly come within the scope of the forester, special attention will be devoted to the major by-products—firewood, charcoal, bark and faggots—with which the British forester is most intimately associated. =(1) Firewood.=—Never, perhaps, was the subject of English firewood more worthy of consideration than at the present time, when the price of other fuels is excessively high. Many persons will maintain that in districts where coal is abundant, it is very questionable whether there is any advantage to be obtained from burning wood. We have satisfied ourselves that even if wood could be procured at less than its present price—firewood price—it is nearly as expensive as coal, as sold previous to the war, in most of our large towns. No doubt, on many large estates where there is a superfluity of unsaleable wood, it would be utter folly not to have it converted into firewood, more particularly as such work gives employment to the woodmen when the inclemency of the weather puts a stop to general outdoor work. But this in itself is no proof that the firewood when prepared and ready for the grate is not as expensive as coal; for, when the rent of ground on which the wood was grown, and the cost of felling and converting it into firewood is taken into account, it will be found nearly as costly as household coal of ordinary quality.