=Minor Products.=—In addition to firewood, charcoal, faggots, etc., which may be considered as the main by-products of the forest and woodland, there are other minor products, such as are to be met with largely where coppice wood is grown to any extent, which will repay the cost of singling out from amongst the above. These may include flower-stakes, tool-handles, walking-sticks, barrel-hoops, chisel-rods, etc., all of which sell readily in various parts of the country and from which considerable profits are realized. In cutting the coppice wood, the longest and straightest poles are selected for hop-stakes, the next size for bean stakes, pea-boughs, etc., and so on until every part of the wood is utilized. Leaf soil, too, sells readily at 5_s._ per cart load—indeed, near large towns the demand for this and peat often exceeds the supply. In all cases, however, it may not be a wise policy to remove this valuable soil from the woodlands, even at the high price offered. Half-decayed leaves, too, are much sought after where market gardening is largely carried on, being used to form forcing-beds, and to preserve plants and roots from severe frost. CHAPTER XXIX FENCING PLANTATIONS Many different methods of fencing are adopted throughout the country, each one, no doubt, possessing peculiar advantages according to the circumstances in which it may happen to be required. In hilly districts very efficient fences of stones may be made where these are abundant. Turf dykes may be constructed on high-lying grounds where stones cannot be readily procured, and iron or wood used wherever fancy dictates. The term “dead fence” may be applied to these in contradistinction to “live fence” or hedge, to which a special chapter is devoted. To describe even a few of the various wood or iron fences erected nowadays would be by no means an easy task, but typical examples of several kinds will be explained. [Illustration] =Stone Walls.=—These make capital plantation fences, but they are at first rather expensive, and unless well built require a good deal of attention in the way of repairing breaches. They possess a great advantage over most other fences in the amount of shelter afforded to the young trees. Two methods of building are usually adopted: firstly, where stones are abundant, the entire wall may be of these; and, secondly, where only a limited quantity are available, the wall is built to a certain height and wires placed atop. The dry stone wall as this is usually termed, is built without mortar, with the exception of the cope-stone, which in all cases should be bedded in and pointed with lime.