Growing on comparatively poor soils where other species will not produce profitable timber the beech is particularly valuable on account of its reproducing itself freely from seed and withstanding a greater amount of shade than perhaps any other species. It associates well with the oak under cultivation. The =Sycamore= for profitable planting can be recommended owing to the high price which can be obtained for timber of large size, though even when of thirty years’ growth it finds a ready market for bobbin making and other turnery purposes. The most suitable soil for the sycamore is a dry sandy loam or even deep sand. The tree is peculiarly suitable for planting in exposed or seaside situations and also for standing alone as a field or hedgerow tree. The timber is white, smooth and free from grain. It is used for curtain rings, churns, butter prints, backs of violins, founders’ patterns, cutting boards, and in the making of wooden vessels and furniture. For calendar machines it is especially valuable. The =Sweet= or =Spanish Chestnut= is largely cultivated for the value of the timber it produces. It thrives best on deep gravelly soil or on granite or sandstone with a dry subsoil, and with a southern or western exposure. The timber is of excellent quality and lasts well either in water or above or below ground. It is often substituted for that of the oak, and is extensively employed for mill timber, bridges, fencing of all kinds, posts, stakes, casks, and for hop poles. The Spanish Chestnut is a tree of rapid growth and when the timber is of fair size it finds a ready market, though at a lower figure than that of the oak. Unfortunately the timber produced on certain soils and situations is much reduced in value owing to cup shake. =Elm=, both English and Scotch, are extensively planted for the value of timber produced. The timber of the English elm is of a rich brown colour, hard, tough and usually twisted in the grain. Owing to the strength of its lateral fibre the timber is much in request for making blocks for ship’s riggings, while it furnishes naves for wheels, coffin boards, furniture, pumps, piles, and is employed largely by the wheelwright. For using under water it is the best wood cultivated in this country. The wood of the Scotch or Wych elm is considered to be more valuable than that of the English species, and is used for similar purposes and also as a substitute for ash. It is very liable to become rotten at the core.