[Illustration: William IV.] When WILLIAM IV. was King. BY JOHN ASHTON, AUTHOR OF "SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE," ETC., ETC., ETC. WITH FORTY-SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LD. 1896. [Illustration: Decoration.] PREFACE. Several "Life and Times of William IV." have been written, but they all contain a great deal of "Life," and very little "Times." The present book reverses this, and deals, primarily, with the chief topics of conversation during the seven years of King William's reign, and, afterwards, with the social aspect of the times. Although I treat of a period but sixty years since, it is a time of which much is to be said which is unknown to the present generation, and one which has had a deep and lasting influence on our own times. Then began the mighty reign of steam; then was inaugurated the first passenger railway, to which small beginning England owes so much. Then, too, steam navigation began to be general, developing that commerce which has been the making of the country. Science woke up, as did Art, whilst the introduction of the Railway caused our manufactures to progress by leaps and bounds. Politics have been avoided as much as possible; and, although the book is necessarily somewhat discursive, I would fain hope it will be found interesting; and, in the words of the writer of Maccabees (Book II. xv. 38), I say, "Which if I have done well, and as it becometh the history, it is what I desired, but, if not so perfectly, it must be pardoned me." JOHN ASHTON. [Illustration: Decoration.] CONTENTS. Page. CHAPTER I. 1830. Illness of George IV.--His death -- Sale of his clothes, etc. -- The new King -- His character 1 CHAPTER II. 1830. Proclamation of William IV. -- The Beer Act -- The Queen and gas -- Burial of George IV. -- The King and the Duke of Cumberland -- The King as a soldier -- He meddles with the uniforms of the army 8 CHAPTER III. 1830. The King as "_bon bourgeois_" -- Mobbed -- Street song about him -- A sailor in Guildhall -- Behaviour of the public at Windsor -- Charles X. in England -- The "New Police" -- A modest advertisement 17 CHAPTER IV. 1830. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway -- Death of Mr. Huskisson -- Agricultural lawlessness -- Captain Swing -- Executions for riot -- Riots throughout the country -- Special Commissions -- Prayer to be used in churches and chapels 28 CHAPTER V. 1830.