_Exclusion_ is another structural problem. An individual rigidly adheres to one ego state, locking out the other two. A Don Juan gives free expression to his Child, while his Adult and Parent states are suppressed. A workaholic, on the other hand, permits {134} his Parent to block the expression of his Adult and Child ego states. _Contamination_ is a third personality problem. One ego state subverts another. A woman cannot commit herself fully to her chosen profession because her Child has undermined her sense of determination by persuading her that a wealthy knight in white armor will soon appear to relieve her of the need to exert herself. WHAT TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS LIKE Transactional analysis normally begins with "structural analysis" in which clients are taught how to distinguish ego states that may be confused, excluded, or contaminated. This phase of therapy is sometimes done on an individual basis and sometimes in a group workshop or classroom environment. Therapy then proceeds to transactional analysis proper, in which frustrating or painful forms of communication and unsatisfying life directions are discussed. Most commonly this is done in a group setting, since a group encourages a variety of different styles of communication. TA teaches clients to determine which ego state is active at a given moment--in themselves and in others with whom they are trying to communicate. _Transactions_ or communication patterns between people are the focus of TA. Some typical transactions are diagrammed on the facing page. In (a) on the facing page, person 1 communicates in an Adult mode and receives an Adult response from person 2: "Where are you going?" "To the cleaner's." In (b), a Parental boss receives a petulant response from the Child ego state of an employee: "What took you so long?" "My little boy is sick, and there's just too much work for one secretary." In (c), an Adult-to-Adult message receives a Child-to-Parent reply; this is an example of _crossed transaction_. It is one of the most common sources of frustration and conflict in family and professional life. For example, a therapist says, "You seem to be late for your appointment today." (Adult-to-Adult, or A-A.) The client replies, "You're just like my father, always picking on me." (C-P.) {135} [Illustration: DIAGRAMS OF TYPICAL TRANSACTIONS] {136}