_From an Etching by_ J. T. Smith, 1805 46 Lambeth and Whitehall. _From the Engraving by_ W. Hollar 52 Whitehall, from the River. _From_ Ogilvy’s _Map_, 1677 54 The Execution of Charles I. _From a Print of 1649_ 59 Pyramidal Dial in Privy Garden, set up in 1669. _From an Engraving by_ H. Steel, 1673 67 Funeral of Queen Mary, 1694. _From an Engraving by_ P. Persoy 71 Part of the Old Palace of Whitehall. _From an Etching by_ J. T. Smith, 1805 73 View in Privy Garden. _From an Engraving by_ J. Malcolm, 1807 74 Privy Garden. _From an Engraving by_ T. Malton, 1795 76 Bird’s-eye View of Whitehall and St. James’s Park. _From_ Smith’s “Views of Westminster” 77 WHITEHALL CHAPTER I _Site of Whitehall in the Twelfth Century—Part of Westminster—Hubert de Burgh—York House— Wolsey—Hentzner—Henry VIII.—His Honour of Westminster—Holbein’s Gate—Anne of Cleves— Funeral of Henry VIII._ When Abbot Laurence, of Westminster, looked out to the northward or north-eastward, he could see no land—as far as the wall of London—which did not belong to him and his house. This was the Abbot who first had leave to assume the mitre, and in 1163 he obtained from Pope Alexander II. the canonisation of Edward the Confessor. When worshippers wished to kneel at the new saint’s shrine they had to reach Westminster as best they could. Some, especially those who lived at Charing, or further up the hill, in what was afterwards Hedge Lane, would make their way to the Thames, the best highway in those days. In some seasons, perhaps, the water-courses, which had their origin in the Tyburn, might be dry enough to let them pass, but there were as yet no regular roads and no bridges. One of these water-courses supplied the Abbey, and one ran out where Richmond Terrace is now. We have two documents from which to draw a picture of the ground which was not yet Whitehall. First, we have the evidence afforded by the geographical features of the locality; and, secondly, we have the report of a trial which took place some sixty years ago, when, no doubt, all possible charters and grants and leases and demises were cited. The trial was between the people of Westminster and the people who lived in Richmond Terrace. Westminster claimed that the Terrace was within the boundaries of St. Margaret. The Terrace claimed that it was extra-parochial, as being on part of the site of the palace of Whitehall. The counsel for Westminster was able to show that Whitehall had been private property before the reign of Henry VIII., and that neither he nor any one else had made it extra-parochial. The verdict, therefore, was in favour of the parishioners of St. Margaret.