Almost any one of our great universities at present has many times the wealth, equipment, and students of all of our colleges fifty years ago. Our American agricultural and mechanical colleges, the greater number of which have arisen within ten years, now enroll more than 25,000 students. In 1850 there were only eight non-professional graduate students in the United States. In 1876, when Johns Hopkins opened, there were 400 such students. There are now at least 10,000 students of this class, and every year finds an additional number of our larger institutions including graduate courses preparing for practical vocations, with many of them adding facilities for graduate study during the summer. The following more concrete comparison by Professor E. E. Slosson reveals the manner in which the new State institutions are rapidly meeting the demands of modern times for technical and professional education; for the chief progress in these institutions has been not in the old-fashioned culture studies, but in special departments, including well-nigh everything from engineering and dairying to music and ceramics: Total Annual Total Average Annual Appropriation Instructing Expenditure Income. for Salaries Staff in for Instruction of Instructing University. per Student. INSTITUTIONS. Staff. Columbia University $1,675,000 $1,145,000 559 $280 Harvard University 1,827,789 841,970 573 209 University of Chicago 1,304,000 699,000 291 137 University of Michigan 1,078,000 536,000 285 125 Yale University 1,088,921 524,577 365 158 Cornell University 1,082,513 510,931 507 140 University of Illinois 1,200,000 491,675 414 136 University of Wisconsin 998,634 489,810 297 157 University of Pennsylvania 589,226 433,311 375 117 University of California 844,000 408,000 350 136 Stanford University 850,000 365,000 136 230 Princeton University 442,232 308,650 163 235 University of Minnesota 515,000 263,000 303 66 Johns Hopkins University 311,870 211,013 172 324 WHAT IS THE CHIEF END OF AN AMERICAN COLLEGE?