Produced by Chris Curnow, Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) WIND AND WEATHER [Illustration: Logo] THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO [Illustration: HOW THE WIND RUFFLES THE TOP OF A FOG BANK _Frontispiece_] WIND AND WEATHER BY ALEXANDER McADIE A. Lawrence Rotch Professor of Meteorology, Harvard University and Director of the Blue Hill Observatory New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1922 _All rights reserved_ Copyright, 1922, By ALEXANDER McADIE. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1922. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS HOW THE WIND RUFFLES THE TOP OF A FOG BANK _Frontispiece_ PAGE FIG. 1. THE TOWER OF THE WINDS 13 " 2. BOREAS--THE NORTH WIND 19 " 3. KAIKIAS--THE NORTHEAST WIND 23 " 4. APHELIOTES--THE EAST WIND 29 " 5. EUROS--THE SOUTHEAST WIND 33 " 6. NOTOS--THE SOUTH WIND 37 " 7. LIPS--THE SOUTHWEST WIND 41 " 8. ALL STORMS LEAD TO NEW ENGLAND 45 " 9. ZEPHYROS--THE WEST WIND 49 " 10. PATHS OF HIGH AND LOW, JANUARY, 1922 55 " 11. SKIRON--THE NORTHWEST WIND 59 " 12. THE IDEALIZED STORM 63 " 13. TURNING OF WIND WITH ALTITUDE 67 " 14. VELOCITY OF SUMMER AND WINTER WINDS 73 " 15. BLUE HILL OBSERVATORY IN AN ICE STORM 79 WIND AND WEATHER THE TOWER OF THE WINDS In Athens on the north side and near the base of the hill on which the upper city--the Acropolis--is built, there is a small temple still standing, altho its walls were completed twenty-two centuries ago. It is known as the Tower of the Winds; but as a matter of fact, the citizens of Athens used it to tell the hour of the day and the seasonal position of the sun. It was a public timepiece. It served as a huge sun dial. Water from a spring on the hillside filled the basins of a water clock in the basement of the Tower. And so, whether the day was clear or cloudy the measure of the outflow of water indicated the time elapsed. Also there were markings or dials on each of the eight walls of the temple, and the position of the shadow of a marker indicated the seasonal advance or retreat of the sun as it moved north from the time of the winter solstice and then south after the summer solstice.