But what, it may be asked, if Walter of Lille, without the cognisance of our English annalist, had in France obtained the chief fame of these poems? what if they afterwards were attributed in England to another Walter, his contemporary, himself a satirist of the monastic orders? The fact that Walter of Lille was known in Latin as Gualtherus de Insula, or Walter of the Island, may have confirmed the misapprehension thus suggested. It should be added that the ascription of the Goliardic satires to Walter Mapes or Map first occurs in MSS. of the fourteenth century. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 6: See the drinking song printed in _Walter Mapes_, p. xlv., and _Carm. Bur._, pp. 198, 179.] [Footnote 7: _Carm. Bur._, p. 249, note. There is a variation in the parody printed by Wright, _Rel. Antiq._, ii.] [Footnote 8: See A.P. von Bärnstein's little volume, _Ubi sunt qui ante nos_, p. 46.] [Footnote 9: See especially the songs _Ordo Noster_ and _Nos Vagabunduli_, translated below in Section xiii.] [Footnote 10: See Wright's introduction to _Walter Mapes_.] [Footnote 11: Ibid.] [Footnote 12: Ibid.] [Footnote 13: See Müldner, _Die zehn Gedichte des Walther von Lille_. 1859. Walter Mapes (ed. Wright) is credited with five of these satires, including two which close each stanza with a hexameter from Juvenal, Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, Horace.] VIII. I do not think there is much probability of arriving at certainty with regard to the problems indicated in the foregoing section. We must be content to accept the names Golias and Goliardi as we find them, and to treat of this literature as the product of a class, from the midst of which, as it is clear to any critic, more than one poet rose to eminence. One thing appears manifest from the references to the Goliardi which I have already quoted. That is, that the Wandering Students ranked in common estimation with jongleurs, buffoons, and minstrels. Both classes held a similar place in medieval society. Both were parasites devoted to the entertainment of their superiors in rank. Both were unattached, except by occasional engagements, to any fixed abode. But while the minstrels found their temporary homes in the castles of the nobility, we have reason to believe that the Goliardi haunted abbeys and amused the leisure of ecclesiastical lords.