Baptism, the Mass, the Adoration of the Cross, and the sale of indulgences were absolutely rejected--with what effect one can imagine;--all this some centuries before Luther. The danger of this to the Pope and his Church promptly moved the powers of Rome to action. Béziers, through which we passed this morning, was the first point of attack, when forty thousand were slain. No quarter was given--orthodox and infidel, in all one thousand were put to death--"God will know his own," shouted the Abbé of Cîteaux; "slay them all." Into its great Church of St. Nazaire crowded both men and women, and the priest tolled the bells until all were dead. The news of this horror caused every town to open its gates save Carcassonne, which for fourteen days was the scene of continual slaughter before it fell through want of water and famine. It is stated that three hundred thousand from all over Europe assembled here, drawn by the promises of pardon and indulgences. How peaceful the scene to-day! How green the grass, and how blue the heavens! It was Louis IX, who made the "Key of the South" impregnable, clearing away the surrounding town and establishing it across the river where it now is. He had the outer line of the fortifications constructed around the _Cité_, forming a sure refuge in all the wars with Spain. Carcassonne was never again taken by storm and when the Black Prince devastated the lower town, the _Cité_ did not open its gates. It is stated that it required one thousand four hundred men to defend these walls and to this must be added some two thousand workmen, servants, etc.--To-day a few cannon would soon blow these towns into dust.