And now the discovery of gold brought immense wealth and a large British population into its midst. The rights of that British population, known as Uitlanders or Outlanders, had been very inadequately guaranteed by Mr. Gladstone, who foresaw nothing, and thus failed hopelessly in the greatest department of statesmanship. The Transvaal Boers remained what they had been in the days of the Great Trek and in the early forties. They kept all the power in their own hands and made of the English--from whose wealth, however, and from whose energy they took ample toll--a subject race, excluded from all voice in the management of affairs, deprived of the rights of free speech and of free press, unable to obtain justice in the Boer courts, openly insulted and outraged without hope of redress. Corruption was rampant in the governing circles. [Illustration: JOHANNESBURG. Up to September 1886 there was not a single house on the site of the now flourishing town of Johannesburg. It owes its existence entirely to the discovery of gold, of which a reef 130 miles long runs through the town and district.] [Illustration: A DUST STORM IN JOHANNESBURG. This is a very cloudy view of Goldopolis. Periodically, especially in winter, vast dust storms prevail, which obscure everything with an opaque gritty haze as thick as a London fog, and far more unpleasant.] The tone of the Dutch Parliament or Raad reflected the temper of the whole Boer community, which may have been suited to the seventeenth century, but was wholly out of place at the close of the nineteenth. Pillar-boxes were effeminate; locusts were a plague sent from God, and might not be interfered with; railways had not the divine blessing and brought all manner of calamity; the firing of bombs to bring down rain was impious profanity; the size of neckties ought to be regulated by the authorities. At every turn there were fierce expressions of hatred for England and Englishmen. Foreigners were called in to help hold down the English; the government openly and undisguisedly coquetted with Germany and with any power which it believed hostile to the British Empire. [Sidenote: The Jameson Raid.]