Transcriber’s note: Superscripts are preceded by the caret character ^, as in 20^d. Multi-letter and mid-word superscripts are enclosed in {braces}, as in w^{th} and w^{t}out. Italics are represented by _underscores_. WOMEN IN ENGLISH LIFE. [Illustration: _C. Cook, sculp._ ANN, _Lady Fanshawe_. London Richard Bentley & Son 1896] WOMEN IN ENGLISH LIFE from Mediæval to Modern Times. BY GEORGIANA HILL, AUTHOR OF “A HISTORY OF ENGLISH DRESS.” _IN TWO VOLUMES._ VOL. I. [Illustration] LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, Publishers in Ordinary to Her Majesty. MDCCCXCVI. INTRODUCTION. The object aimed at in the following pages is to show the place that women have held in our national life, from the days when what we call the Saxon race was dominant in England, down to the present time. For this purpose those phases of our social history have been dwelt upon which display most clearly the changes that have taken place in the position of women, and the influence of great forces like the Church and Feudalism. Names have been used as illustrations, and not with any intention of adding to biographical literature. Instances that are the most striking individually do not always serve best as examples. For this reason many familiar historical scenes and figures have been omitted. The continuity of a general record would be broken by divergence into episodes interesting on account of their exceptional character. Prominence has been given to domestic life, as that concerns the larger number, and to those aspects of the case which have not been summed up in the numerous accounts of noteworthy women. In literature and art, which have their own special histories, where the part that women have played is recounted at length, only a few general points have been noted in order to show how women have stood in relation to letters and art in successive periods. The subjects themselves are treated as stages marking social advance, not discussed in the light of their intrinsic interest and attractiveness. A consideration of the position of women in England leads, naturally, to the subject of their position in Europe generally, for the main influences which have affected women in this country are the same as those that have operated on the Continent, although the result has taken different forms in accordance with the idiosyncracies of each nation. It is unnecessary to discuss the condition of women in the Eastern parts, for while Western Europe has been changing and progressing with ever-increasing rapidity during the last ten centuries, Eastern Europe--as far as social life is concerned--remained for a long period in an almost stationary state. In character it was Asiatic, though during the last three hundred years it has succumbed more to the influences of its geographical position.