[30] See _Women in the Printing Trade_ (edited by J. R. MacDonald) for an excellent study of the whole circumstances and conditions of the trade. [31] G. Oakeshott, "Women in the Cigar Trade in London," in the _Economic Journal_, 1900, p. 562. [32] Second Report of the W.T.U.L. [33] In Mr. Keighley Snowden's words, from which this account is taken (_Daily Citizen_, 12, xi. 1912): "If foreign competition at last threatens us, it is in consequence of this heartless folly." [34] Space does not permit us to give a full account of the efforts for co-operative action for social purposes made by working women at this period, or of the interesting study of social conditions made by Leonora Barry, the investigator of women's work under the Knights of Labour. See Report on Women's Unions, Chapter IVA. [35] Quoted in the _Cotton Factory Times_, September 18, 1885. [36] Report of the Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass., p. 63. [37] This chapter was written before the outbreak of war. [38] It is a curious reflection on the tardiness of our Government statistical work, that figures for German Trade Unions are here actually accessible for a more recent date than those of English Unions. [Written early in 1914.] [39] A. Erdmann, _Church and Trade Union in Germany_, 1913. [40] Report of Gas-workers' and General Labourers' Association, March 1897. [41] This chapter was written before the outbreak of war. [42] Many worthy folk to this day even show by the use of the phrase "_giving_ employment" that they suppose themselves to be conferring a benefit on persons who work for them, irrespective of wages paid, and it is unlikely that our ancestors were more enlightened on this point than ourselves. [43] G. Slater, _English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields_, Constable, 1907, p. 266. Compare Hammond, J. L. and B, _The Village Labourer_, chap. v. [44] See, _e.g._, the cases mentioned in the Factory Inspectors' Report for 1912, p. 142, and compare the case reported by Miss Vines in the Report for 1913, p. 97. In a Christmas-card factory the women were being employed two days a week from 8 to 8, three days a week from 8 A.M. to 10 P.M., and Saturdays 8 to 4. "The whole staff of workers and foremen looked absolutely worn out." [45] _School Child in Industry_, by A. Greenwood, p. 7. Workers' Educational Association, Manchester, price 1d. [46] See the _Englishwoman_ for June 1914. [47] The work of a "big piecer" is practically identical with that of a spinner, only that responsibility rests with the latter. [48] See Cadbury Matheson and Shann, _Women's Work and Wages_, p. 212; Macdonald, _Women in the Printing Trades_, p. 53. [49] See in Chapter IVA. pp. 162-3. Frau Lily Braun's views on the subject. [50] See an article by the present writer in the _Englishwoman_, April 1911. [51] Northern Counties Amalgamation of Weavers, etc. Report for July 1913.