It is probable that all the back stalls of monastic and collegiate churches had originally some form of canopy. For this there was a very practical reason, in the desire of the occupants of the stalls to have their tonsured heads protected from down draughts, which from open triforium chambers imperfectly tiled must often have been excessive. A great number of these canopies have been destroyed, usually in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, to make room for galleries, _e.g._, at Wells in 1590 and 1690, and Hexham in 1740.[12] In Belgium not a single set of stalls retains canopies. When the galleries were removed in modern restorations, the ancient forms of canopy were frequently not replaced, but something of modern design was put up. This should be borne in mind in examining the cresting of the stalls as it is at present; much of it is not original either in material or design. The following is a list approximately in chronological order of some of the finest sets of stalls in cathedral, monastic, collegiate and parochial churches. Rochester Cathedral 1227 Winchester Cathedral 1305 Chichester Cathedral 1335 Ely Cathedral begun in 1338 Lancaster Church 1340 Gloucester Cathedral 1350 Lincoln Minster 1370 Abergavenny 1380 Hereford Cathedral 1380 Hereford All Saints 1380 Chester Cathedral 1390 Nantwich 1390 Stowlangtoft 1400 Wingfield, Suffolk 1415 Higham Ferrers 1415 Norwich Cathedral 1420 Carlisle Cathedral 1433 Sherborne Abbey 1436 Hereford St Peter 1450 St David's 1470 Windsor 1480 Ripon 1500 Manchester 1508 Westminster 1509 Christchurch 1515 Bristol 1520 Dunblane 1520 Beverley Minster 1520 Newark 1525 King's College, Cambridge 1533, 1633, 1676 Aberdeen 1520 Cartmel 1620 Brancepeth 1630 Durham Cathedral 1665 Bishop Auckland Chapel 1665 Sherburn Hospital, Durham 1665 Sedgefield 1680 St Paul's Cathedral 1697 Canterbury Cathedral 1704 {30} [Illustration: Rochester] {31} The stalls of the churches of Ratzburg illustrated by M. J. Gailhabaud, vol. iv., seem to be of the middle of the twelfth century; they are of clumsy design and in a fragmentary condition. At Hastières and Gendron-Celles, both near Dinant, Belgium, are simple stalls of the thirteenth century.[13] In France the chief examples are those in Notre Dame de la Roche; fragments occur also in Poitiers cathedral and the church of Saulieu.[14]