On the indulgences in their relation to the Sacrament of Penance, H, C. Lea, History of Confession and Indulgence, especially Vol. III, Philadelphia, 1896; Brieger, Das Wesen des Ablasses am Ausgang des Mittelalters, Leizig, 1897, and Article Indulgenzen in PRE.3 IX, pp. 76 ff. (Eng. in Schaff-Herzog v., pp. 485-88); Gottlob, Kreuzablass und Almosenablass, Stuttgart, 1906 (especially valuable for the origin of indulgences). On the indulgences and the XCV Theses, Koestlin, Luther's Theologie, Leipzig, 1883 (Eng. Trans, by Hay, The Theology of Luther, Philadelphia, 1897); Bratke, Luther's XCV Thesen und ihre dogmengeschictlichen Voraussetzungen, Göttingen, 1884; Dieckboff, Der Ablassstreit dogmengeschichtlich dargestellt, Gotha, 1886; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, I, New York, 1906; Tschackert, Entstehung der lutherischen und reformierten Kirchenlehre, Göttingen, 1910. On the financial aspects of the indulgence-traffic, Schulte, Die Fugger in Rom, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1904.     CHARLES M. JACOBS.     Allentown, PA. FOOTNOTES [1] Disputato pro declaratione virutis indulgentiarum. [2] Luther says, Apud nostros et propter nostros editae aunt. Weimar Ed., I. 528. On the whole subject see Letters to Staupitz and the Pope, below. [3] Cf. Weimar Ed., I, 229. [4] The Church of All Saints at Wittenberg was the repository of the great collection of relics which Frederick the Wise had gathered. A catalogue of the collection, with illustrations by Lucas Cranach, was published in 1509. The collection contained 5005 sacred objects, including a bit of the crown of thorns and some of the Virgin Mother's milk. Adoration of these relics on All Saints' Day (Nov. 1st) was rewarded with indulgence for more than 500,000 years. So, Vol Bezold, Die deutsche Reformation (1890), p. 100; see also Barge, Karlstadt, I, 39ff. [5] Luther had preached a sermon warning against the danger of indulgences on the Eve of All Saints (1516). See below. [6] See below, Letter to Leo X. [7] Weimar Ed., I, 230. [8] The Address to the Christian Nobility and the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. [9] Introduction to the Complete Works (1545); above p.10. [10] See Letter to Staupitz, below. [11] See Letter to Leo X, below. [12] Cf. Gottlob, Kreuzablass und Almosenblass, p. I. [13] See Theses 5, 8, 85. [14] Non solam plenam et largiorem, imo plenissimam omnium suorum concedemus et concedimus veniam peccatorum. Mirbt, Quellen, 2d ed., No. 243. [15] This custom of putting the Jubilee-indulgences on sale seems to date from the year 1390. Cf. Lea, Hist. of Conf. and Indulg., III, 206. No mention is here made of the indulgences attached to adoration of the relics, etc. On the development of this form of indulgence see Lea, Hist. of Conf. and Indulg., III, 131-194, 234-195, and Gottlog, Kreuzablass und Almosenablass, pp. 195-254. [16] See Thesis 12. [17] See Theses 4-6, Note 2.