[70] In the case of certain endowed benefices the right to nominate the incumbent was vested in individuals, usually of the nobility, and was hereditary in their family, This is the so-called _jus patronum_, or "right of patronage." The complaint that this right is disregarded is frequent in the _Gravamina_ of 1521. [71] _Commendation_ was one of the practices by which the pope evaded the provision of the canon law which prescribed that the same man should not hold two livings with the cure of souls. The man who received an office in _commendam_ was not required to fulfil the duties attached to the position and when a living or an abbacy was granted in this way during the incumbency of another, the recipient received its entire income during a subsequent vacancy. The practice was most common in the case of abbacies. At the Diet of Worms (1521), Duke George of Saxony, an outspoken opponent of Luther, was as emphatic in his protest against this practice as Luther himself (Wrede, _op. cit._, II, 665); his protest was incorporated in the _Gravamina_ (_ibid._, 672), and reappears in the Appendix (_ibid._, 708). [72] A monk who deserted his monastery was known as an "apostate." [73] i. e., Offices which cannot be united in the hands of one man. See e. g., note 3, p. 91. [74] A gloss is a note explanatory of a word or passage of doubtful meaning. The glosses are the earliest form of commentary on the Bible. The glosses of the canon law are the more or less authoritative comments of the teachers, and date from the time when the study of the canon law became a part of the theological curriculum. Their aim is chiefly to show how the law applies to practical cases which may arise. The so-called _glossa ordinaria_ had in Luther's time an authority almost equal to that of the _corpus juris_ itself. Cf. _Cath. Encyc._, VI, pp. 588 f. [75] The thing which was bought was, of course, the dispensation, or permission to avail oneself of the gloss. [76] _Dataria_ is the name for that department of the curia which had to deal with the granting of dispensations and the disposal of benefices. _Datarius_ is the title of the official who presided over this department. [77] See above, p. 88, note 2. For a catalogue of papal appointments bestowed upon two "courtesans," Johannes Zink und Johannes Ingenwinkel, see Schulte, _Die Fugger in Rom_, I, pp. 282, 291 ff. Between 1513 and 1521, Zink received 56 appointments, and Ingenwinkel received, between 1496 and 1521, no fewer than 106. [78] See above, p. 87, note 1. [79] So Albrecht of Mainz bore the title of "administrator" of Halberstadt. [80] The name of this practice was "regression" (_regressus_).