Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
Then water will be condensed. Oceans will flood the sun, and for a
short period it will resemble the earth in its present condition,
though with the one important difference. The extinct sun, unlike
our earth, will not receive life-giving heat from the outside,
excepting the small amount of radiation from universal space and
the heat generated by the fall of meteorites. The temperature fall
will therefore be rapid, and the vanishing clouds of the attenuated
atmosphere will not long check radiation. The ocean will become
covered with a crust of ice. Then the carbonic acid will commence
to condense, and will be precipitated as a light snow in the solar
atmosphere. Finally, at a temperature of about -200° Cent., the gases
of the atmosphere will be condensed, and new oceans, now principally
of nitrogen, will be produced. Let the temperature sink another 20°,
and the energy of the inrushing meteorites will just suffice to balance
a further loss of heat by radiation. The solar atmosphere will then
consist essentially of helium and hydrogen—the two gases which are
most difficult to condense—and of some nitrogen.
In this stage the heat loss of the sun will be almost imperceptible.
Owing to the low thermal conductive power of the earth’s crust,
there escapes through each square mile of this crust scarcely
one-thousand-millionth part of the heat which the sun is radiating
from an equal area of its surface. In future days, when the solar
crust will have attained a thickness of 60 km. (40 miles), its loss
of heat will be diminished to the same degree. The temperature on the
surface of the sun may then still be some 50° or 60° above absolute
zero, and volcanic eruptions will raise the temperature only for short
periods and over small areas. Yet in the interior the temperature will
still be at nearly the same actual intensity, something like several
million degrees, and the compounds of infinite explosive energy will
be stored up there as today. Like an immense dynamite magazine, the
dark sun will float about in universal space without wasting much
of its energy in the course of billions of years. Immutable, like a
spore, it will retain its immense store of force until it is awakened
by external forces into a new span of life similar to the old life. A
slow shrinkage of the surface, due to the progressive loss of heat of
the core and to the consequent contraction, will in the meanwhile have
covered the sun with the wrinkles of old age.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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