Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
We know very little about this phenomenon. Even the position of the
Zodiacal Light along the zodiac which has given rise to its name
has been questioned, and it would appear from recent investigations
that the glow is situated in the plane of the solar equator. However
that may be, the view is very generally held that the glow is due to
particles which come from the sun or enter into it. We have already
adduced arguments to prove that the mass of solar dust cannot be
unimportant; this dust may therefore be the cause of the phenomenon
which we have just been discussing.
VI
END OF THE SUN—ORIGIN OF NEBULÆ
We have seen that the sun is dissipating and wasting almost
inconceivable amounts of heat every year: 3.8. 10^{33} gramme-calories,
corresponding to 2 gramme-calories for each gramme of its mass. We have
also obtained an idea as to how the enormous storage of heat energy in
the sun may endure this loss for ages. Finally, however, the time must
come when the sun will cool down and when it will cover itself with a
solid crust, as the earth and the other planets—so far, probably, in a
gaseous state—have done long since or will do before long. No living
being will be able to watch this extinction of the sun despairingly
from one of the wandering planets; for, in spite of all our inventions,
all life will long before have ceased on the satellites of the sun for
want of heat and light.
The further development of the cold sun will recall the actual progress
of our earth, except in so far as the sun will have no life-spending,
central source of light and heat near it. In the beginning the thin,
solid crust will again and again be burst by gases, and streams of
lava will rush out from the interior of the sun. After a while these
powerful discharges will stop, the lava will freeze, and the fragments
will close up more firmly than before. Only on some of the old
fissures volcanoes will rise and allow the gases to escape from the
interior—water vapor and, to a less extent, carbonic acid, liberated
by the cooling.
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