Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
We also meet with the effects of the radiation pressure in the
immediate neighborhood of the sun. The rectilinear extension of the
corona streamers to a distance which has been known to exceed six times
the solar diameter (about eight million km.) indicates that repelling
forces from the sun are acting upon the fine dust. Astronomers have
also compared the corona of the sun with the tails of comets, and
Donitsch would class it with Bredichin’s comets’ tails of the second
class. It is possible to calculate the mass of the corona from its
radiation of heat and light. The heat radiated has been measured by
Abbot. At a distance of 30,000 km. from the photosphere, the corona
radiated only as little heat as a body at -55° Cent. The reason is
that the corona in these parts consists of an extremely attenuated
mist whose actual temperature can be estimated by Stefan’s law at
4300° Cent. The corona must, therefore, be so attenuated that it
would only cover a 190,000th part of the sky behind it. We arrive at
the same result when we calculate the amount of light radiated by
the corona; this radiation is of the order of that of the full moon,
being sometimes smaller, sometimes greater, up to twice as great. The
considerations we have been offering apply to the most intense part of
the corona, the so-called inner corona. According to Turner, its light
intensity outward diminishes in the inverse ratio of the sixth power
of its distance from the centre of the sun. At the distance of a solar
radius (690,000 km.) the light intensity would therefore be only 1.6
per cent. of the intensity near the surface of the sun.
Let us assume that the matter of the corona consists of particles of
just such a size that the radiation pressure would balance their weight
(other particles would be expelled from the inner corona); then we find
that the weight of the whole corona of the sun would not exceed twelve
million metric tons. That is not more than the weight of four hundred
of our large ocean steamships (_e.g._, the _Oceanic_), and only about
as much as the quantity of coal burned on the earth within one week.
That the mass of the corona must be extremely rarefied has already
been concluded, from the fact that comets have wandered through the
corona without being visibly arrested in their motion. In 1843 a
comet passed the sun’s surface at a distance of only one-quarter
the sun’s radius without being disturbed in its progress. Moulton
calculated that the great comet of 1881, which approached the sun
within one-half its radius, did not encounter a resistance of more than
one-fifty-thousandth of its mass, and that the nucleus of the comet
was at least five million times denser than the matter of the corona.
Newcomb has possibly expressed the degree of attenuation of the corona
in a somewhat exaggerated way when he said that it contains perhaps one
grain of dust per cubic kilometre (a cube whose side has a length of
three-fifths of a mile).
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