Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
However small the quantity of matter in the corona may be, and however
unimportant a fraction of this mass may pass into the coronal rays, it
is yet certain that there is a constant loss of finely divided matter
from the sun. The loss, however, is not greater than the supply of
matter (compare below)—namely, about 300 thousand millions of tons in
a year—so that during one billion years not even one-six-thousandth of
the solar mass (2 × 10^{27} tons) will be scattered into space. This
number is very unreliable, however. We know that many meteorites fall
upon the earth, partly as compact stones, partly as the finest dust of
shooting-stars which flash up in the terrestrial atmosphere rapidly to
be extinguished. These masses may be estimated at about 20,000 tons
per year. According to this estimate, the rain of meteorites which
falls upon the sun may amount to 300 thousand millions of tons in a
year. All the suns have emitted matter into space for infinite ages,
and it seems, therefore, a natural inference that many suns would no
longer be in existence if there had not been a supply of matter to
make up for this loss. The cold suns undergo relatively small losses,
but receive just as large inflows of matter as the warm suns. As, now,
our sun belongs to the colder type of stars, it is probable that the
loss of matter from the sun has for this reason been overestimated by
being presumed to be as great as the accession. The presence of dark
celestial bodies may compensate for this overestimation.
[Illustration: Fig. 37.—Granular chondrum from the meteorite of
Sexes.
Enlargement 1: 70. After S. Tschermak]
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