Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
Whence do the meteorites come? If they were not constantly being
created, their number should have diminished in the course of ages;
for they are gradually being caught up by the larger celestial bodies.
It is not at all improbable that they arise from the accrescence of
small particles which the radiation pressure has been driving out
of the sun. The chondri, which are so characteristic of meteorites,
display a structure as if they had grown together out of a multitude
of extremely fine grains (Fig. 37). Nordenskiöld says: “Most meteoric
iron consists of an extremely delicate texture of various alloys of
metals. This mass of meteoric iron is often so porous that it oxidizes
on exposure to the air like spongy iron. The Pallas iron, when cut
through with a saw, shows this property, which is so distressing for
the collector. The iron of Cranbourne, of Toluca, and others—in fact,
almost all the meteorites with a few exceptions—display the same
texture. It all indicates that these cosmical masses of iron were built
up in the universe by particle being piled upon particle, of iron,
nickel, phosphorus, etc., analogous to the manner in which one atom
of a metal coalesces with another atom when the metal is galvanically
deposited from a solution. Most of the stony meteorites present a
similar appearance. Apart from the crust of slag on the surface, the
stone is often so porous and so loose that it might be used as a
filtering material, and it may easily be crumbled between the fingers.”
When the electrically charged grains of dust coalesce, their small
electrical potential (of about 0.02 volt) may increase considerably.
Under the influence of ultra-violet light these masses of meteorites
are discharged when they approach the sun, as Lenard has shown. Their
negative charge then escapes in the shape of so-called electrons.
Since, now, the sun loses through the rays of the corona large
multitudes of particles, and these particles probably carry, according
to Wilson, negative electricity with them, the positive charge must
remain behind in the stratum from which the coronal rays were emitted,
and also on the sun itself. If this charge were sufficiently powerful,
it would prevent the negatively charged particles in the corona from
escaping from the sun, and all the phenomena which we have ascribed
to the radiation pressure would cease. By the aid of the tenets of
the modern theory of electrons, I have calculated the maximum charge
that the sun could bear, if it is not to stop these phenomena. The
charge would amount to two hundred thousand millions of coulombs—not
by any means too large a quantity of electricity, as it would only be
sufficient to decompose twenty-four tons of water.
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