[Footnote 3: A Study of Children's Drawings in the Early Years. Pedagogical Seminary, October, 1896, vol. 4, pp. 79-101. See also Drawing in the Early Years, Proceedings of the National Educational Association, 1899, pp. 946-953. Das Kind als Künstler, von C. Götze. Hamburg, 1898. The Genetic _vs._ the Logical Order in Drawing, by F. Burk. Pedagogical Seminary, September, 1902, vol. 9, pp. 296-323.] [Footnote 4: Die Entwickelungsstufen beim Zeichnen. Die Kinderfehler, September, 1897, vol. 2, pp. 166-179.] * * * * * CHAPTER V GYMNASTICS The story of Jahn and the Turners--The enthusiasm which this movement generated in Germany--The ideal of bringing out latent powers--The concept of more perfect voluntary control--Swedish gymnastics--Doing everything possible for the body as a machine--Liberal physical culture--Ling's orthogenic scheme of economic postures and movements and correcting defects--The ideal of symmetry and prescribing exercises to bring the body to a standard--Lamentable lack of correlation between these four systems--Illustrations of the great good that a systematic training can effect--Athletic records--Greek physical training. Under the term gymnastics, literally naked exercises, we here include those denuded of all utilities or ulterior ends save those of physical culture. This is essentially modern and was unknown in antiquity, where training was for games, for war, etc. Several ideals underlie this movement, which although closely related are distinct and as yet by no means entirely harmonized. These may be described as follows: