Zoölogy: The Science of Animal Life: Popular Science Library, Volume XII (of 16), P. F. Collier & Son Company, 1922Ingersoll, Ernest
Science
Zoölogy: The Science of Animal Life: Popular Science Library, Volume XII (of 16), P. F. Collier & Son Company, 1922
Ingersoll, Ernest
Animals; Zoology
Very interesting, and often of great beauty, are the free-swimming,
colonial, hydroid polyps called siphonophores. On a long stem or
string are arranged, at the top, a bulb filled with gas or air, as
a float, then a series of swimming bells whose pulsations carry the
colony about, beneath which are various polyps and tentaclelike
appendages, some to gather food, whose digested products circulate
through the whole colony, others performing reproductive functions.
The variety of form is considerable; and one of the most peculiar,
and the only siphonophore familiar to most persons, is the exquisite
Portuguese man-of-war, whose prismatically tinted bulb, as big as
one's fist, is commonly met with in the Gulf Stream in the North
Atlantic, and often is seen in great flocks in the tropics, bobbing on
the surface of the waves in calm weather. Beneath that bulb trails a
long tuft of tentacles and zooids, performing various functions, and
so foreshadowing the division of labor that in the higher animals is
effected by the different limbs and organs.
SEA ANEMONES, CORALS, AND SEA FANS
Sea anemones are simply large polyps of more complicated structure
than the hydroid polyps. Instead of a simple, baglike, enteric cavity,
the slitlike mouth admits food into a flattened gullet which leads
to an enlarged digestive cavity. The gullet does not hang free, but
is joined to the outer wall of the body by a series of radiating
partitions, between which shorter ones extend from the inner surface
of the ectoderm; and below the gullet the stomach wall extends in lobes
between these partitions, through which holes permit the nutritive
juices to circulate throughout the whole body. The whole upper surface
of the polyp is covered by short tentacles arranged in circles. A
current of water, induced by waving cilia, is constantly flowing in
at one corner of the mouth and out at the other, supplying the animal
with oxygen and a certain amount of minute food, and carrying off
waste; but the anemones capture by means of their tentacles small
fishes, mollusks and everything that can be caught and swallowed. As
some anemones exceed a foot in diameter, large and powerful prey may
sometimes be taken. It is interesting to note that anemones distinguish
very quickly between what is good to eat and what is not. Most of them
are sitting near shore on rocks or in tide pools, or are clinging to
the larger seaweeds or clustered on the supports of wharves where the
waves and tidal currents are continually washing about them, often with
much violence, and dashing against them strands of weed or the small
wreckage always floating in such a place. None of this is seized, or at
least is not swallowed; but whether we are to conclude that this choice
is made by intelligence, or only by chemical perception is a matter for
study. When harm threatens, or when they crave rest, they withdraw all
their gorgeous tentacles, infold them within their mouth, and shrink
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